片語動詞指南 – TOEIC® 準備
Flow Exam team
片語動詞(亦稱為 phrasal verb 或 動詞片語)是由一個 基本動詞 加上一個 附加成分(通常是 up, out, in, off, on, over, away 等)組合而成。舉例來說,「to look」 的意思是 「看」,而 「to look after」 則意為 「照顧/照看」,「to look up to」 則表示 「敬佩」。
這些 附加成分 至關重要:它們可以 徹底改變原始動詞的意義,或者為其 增添特定的語義色彩。以下是一個典型的例子:
- To break:打破,弄壞
- To break down:故障/精神崩潰
- To break in:非法闖入
- To break up:分手(結束戀愛關係)
1. 片語動詞的構成機制
基本運作原理很明確:將一個動詞與一個附加成分組合。這個附加成分可以是:
- 一個 介系詞(in, on, at, by, after, for, etc.)
- To run into someone (偶然遇見某人)
- 一個 副詞(up, down, away, off, etc.)
- To sit down (坐下)
- To go away (離開,走開)
在某些情況下,我們會遇到 連續的兩個附加成分,從而產生所謂的 片語介系詞動詞(phrasal-prepositional verbs)。
- To put up with something (忍受某事) → 完整的片語是 「up with」
2. 片語動詞的主要分類
A. 及物動詞與不及物動詞的區別
- 及物動詞 (Transitifs):這些動詞需要一個 受詞(直接受詞或間接受詞)
- To put out a fire (撲滅火災) → 「a fire」是受詞
- To hand in an assignment (繳交作業) → 「an assignment」是受詞
- 不及物動詞 (Intransitifs):這些動詞 不需要受詞
- To break down (發生故障) → 不需要任何受詞
- To go away (離開) → 動詞本身已完整
直接受詞 (COD) 在動詞後直接接續,中間沒有介系詞。要找出它,在動詞後問「什麼?」或「誰?」。→ I read a book. → I read WHAT? a book間接受詞 (COI) 需要一個介系詞(如 to, of, for 等)。透過問「對誰?」「對什麼?」「關於誰?」,等來識別。→ I talk to my colleague. → I talk TO WHOM? to my colleague
關於代名詞的特殊規則
當受詞是 人稱代名詞 時,該代名詞 必須置於動詞和附加成分之間。
- ✅ I turned it off.❌ I turned off it.
- ✅ She picked him up.❌ She picked up him.
- ✅ Can you put it on?❌ Can you put on it?
B. 可分離與不可分離動詞(及物動詞的情況)
- 可分離 (Séparables):受詞可以插入動詞和附加成分之間,也可以放在動詞+附加成分之後
- To turn off the light = To turn the light off
附加成分「off」可以緊跟在「turn」之後,也可以放在「light」之後
- Turn off the computer = Turn the computer off (關掉電腦)
- Pick up the package = Pick the package up (領取包裹)
- 不可分離 (Inséparables):受詞永遠不能插入中間。它必須始終跟在完整的片語之後
- To look after someone (照顧某人)
- 不可能的說法:「To look someone after」
- 正確的說法:「I look after my niece every Tuesday」
- To look after someone (照顧某人)
C. 雙附加成分動詞(片語介系詞動詞)
有些結構會組合 兩個附加成分,且 受詞必須跟在整個片語之後:
- To put up with something (忍受)
- I can't put up with this behavior anymore!
- To look forward to something (期待)
- I'm looking forward to summer vacation.
- To get on with someone (與某人相處融洽)
- She gets on with her manager exceptionally well.
4. 字面意義與比喻意義
片語動詞 要麼具有相對透明的 字面意義(與組成元素相對應),要麼具有顯著偏離初始動詞的 慣用語意義。這種雙重性要求 系統性學習 並 記憶常見的結構。
- 相對透明的含義:
- To come in:進入某地(邏輯上:「來」+「進去」)
- To go out:離開某空間(連貫性:「走」+「出去」)
- 慣用語意義(難以預測):
- To bring up a topic:提出一個話題,將其引入談話中
- To bring up a child:撫養孩子
- To give up:放棄,永久停止某活動
- To make up a story:編造一個故事,撒謊
- To take off:起飛(航空),或迅速成功
- Her business took off within months.
5. 必備片語動詞列表
以下是 TOEIC® 考試中特別常見的 片語動詞 選擇:
| Phrasal Verb | 翻譯 | 使用範例 |
|---|---|---|
| Get up | 起床 | I get up at 6:30 AM on weekdays. |
| Wake up | 從睡眠中醒來 | She wakes up early every morning. |
| Put on | 穿上(衣物) | He put on his coat before leaving. |
| Take off | 脫下(衣物)/ 起飛 | Take off your hat indoors. / The flight took off on time. |
| Look for | 尋找 | I'm looking for my wallet. |
| Look after | 照顧 | Can you look after my dog this weekend? |
| Look up to | 尊敬,欽佩 | Many students look up to their professor. |
| Look forward to | 期待 | We're looking forward to the conference. |
| Turn on / Turn off | 開啟 / 關閉 | Turn on the computer. / Turn off the lights. |
| Pick up | 拿起 / 接送 / 吸收(知識) | Pick up that paper. / I'll pick you up at noon. / She picked up French quickly. |
| Give up | 放棄 | Don't give up on your goals. |
| Bring up | 養育 / 提及 | He was brought up in the countryside. / She brought up an important point. |
| Catch up (with) | 趕上進度 / 跟上 | I need to catch up on emails. / Walk ahead; I'll catch up with you. |
| Carry on | 繼續 | Please carry on with your presentation. |
| Run into | 偶然遇見 | I ran into my former colleague yesterday. |
| Hold on | 稍等 / 拿住(電話) | Hold on a moment, please. |
| Find out | 查明(某資訊) | I just found out that the meeting was canceled. |
| Work out | 解決 / 鍛鍊身體 | We need to work out this conflict. / I work out every morning. |
| Throw away | 丟棄 | Don't throw away those documents yet. |
| Sort out | 解決,整理 | Let's sort out the schedule for next week. |
| Give in | 屈服,投降 | After hours of negotiation, they gave in. |
| Call off | 取消 | The event was called off because of the storm. |
| Break down | (機器)故障 / 崩潰 | The printer broke down again. / He broke down during the interview. |
| Break up | (關係)結束 | They broke up last month. |
| Set up | 建立,設置 | The team set up a new procedure. |
| Put up with | 忍受 | I can't put up with this attitude. |
| Take over | 接管 | A new manager will take over next quarter. |
| Back up | 備份 / 支持 | Back up your data regularly. / I'll back you up in the meeting. |
| Come across | 偶然發現 | I came across an old photo album. |
| Hang up | 掛斷(電話) | She hung up without saying goodbye. |
| Go over | 複習,審查 | Let's go over the contract one more time. |
| Turn down | 拒絕 | He turned down the promotion. |
| Bring in | 引進,帶來 | The firm brought in external consultants. |
| Run out of | 用完...的儲備 | We've run out of coffee. |
| Show up | 出現,到達 | He showed up unexpectedly. |
| Make up | 編造 / 和好 | She made up an alibi. / They made up quickly after the fight. |
| Go through | 經歷(考驗) | The company went through major restructuring. |
| Drop in | 順道拜訪 | Feel free to drop in anytime. |
| Fall through | 失敗,落空 | The deal fell through at the last minute. |
| Get in touch | 取得聯繫 | Please get in touch with HR. |
| Keep up with | 跟上(節奏) | It's hard to keep up with all the changes. |
| Look up | 查閱(字典,網路) | I looked up the definition online. |
| Make up for | 彌補 | She tried to make up for the delay. |
| Narrow down | 縮小範圍 | We need to narrow down the list to five candidates. |
| Own up to | 承認,坦白 | He owned up to the error. |
| Step down | 辭去(職位) | The director stepped down after the scandal. |
結論
片語動詞 是 流利運用實用英語 的基本組成部分,並且大量出現在 TOEIC® 的閱讀和聽力 部分。儘管由於其 多重含義 和 多變的語法結構(可分離或不可分離,及物或不及物),它們最初可能顯得複雜,但 經常性的練習 有助於快速識別並自信地運用它們。
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