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片語動詞指南 – TOEIC® 準備

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片語動詞(亦稱為 phrasal verb動詞片語)是由一個 基本動詞 加上一個 附加成分(通常是 up, out, in, off, on, over, away 等)組合而成。舉例來說,「to look」 的意思是 「看」,而 「to look after」 則意為 「照顧/照看」「to look up to」 則表示 「敬佩」

這些 附加成分 至關重要:它們可以 徹底改變原始動詞的意義,或者為其 增添特定的語義色彩。以下是一個典型的例子:

  • To break:打破,弄壞
  • To break down:故障/精神崩潰
  • To break in:非法闖入
  • To break up:分手(結束戀愛關係)

1. 片語動詞的構成機制

基本運作原理很明確:將一個動詞與一個附加成分組合。這個附加成分可以是:

  • 一個 介系詞in, on, at, by, after, for, etc.
    • To run into someone (偶然遇見某人)
  • 一個 副詞up, down, away, off, etc.
    • To sit down (坐下)
    • To go away (離開,走開)

在某些情況下,我們會遇到 連續的兩個附加成分,從而產生所謂的 片語介系詞動詞(phrasal-prepositional verbs)

  • To put up with something (忍受某事) → 完整的片語是 「up with」

2. 片語動詞的主要分類

A. 及物動詞與不及物動詞的區別

  • 及物動詞 (Transitifs):這些動詞需要一個 受詞(直接受詞或間接受詞)
    • To put out a fire (撲滅火災) → 「a fire」是受詞
    • To hand in an assignment (繳交作業) → 「an assignment」是受詞
  • 不及物動詞 (Intransitifs):這些動詞 不需要受詞
    • To break down (發生故障) → 不需要任何受詞
    • To go away (離開) → 動詞本身已完整
直接受詞 (COD) 在動詞後直接接續,中間沒有介系詞。要找出它,在動詞後問「什麼?」或「誰?」。→ I read a book. → I read WHAT? a book間接受詞 (COI) 需要一個介系詞(如 to, of, for 等)。透過問「對誰?」「對什麼?」「關於誰?」,等來識別。→ I talk to my colleague. → I talk TO WHOM? to my colleague

關於代名詞的特殊規則

當受詞是 人稱代名詞 時,該代名詞 必須置於動詞和附加成分之間

  • ✅ I turned it off.❌ I turned off it.
  • ✅ She picked him up.❌ She picked up him.
  • ✅ Can you put it on?❌ Can you put on it?

B. 可分離與不可分離動詞(及物動詞的情況)

  • 可分離 (Séparables):受詞可以插入動詞和附加成分之間,也可以放在動詞+附加成分之後
    • To turn off the light = To turn the light off

附加成分「off」可以緊跟在「turn」之後,也可以放在「light」之後

  • Turn off the computer = Turn the computer off (關掉電腦)
  • Pick up the package = Pick the package up (領取包裹)
  • 不可分離 (Inséparables):受詞永遠不能插入中間。它必須始終跟在完整的片語之後
    • To look after someone (照顧某人)
      • 不可能的說法:「To look someone after」
      • 正確的說法:「I look after my niece every Tuesday」

C. 雙附加成分動詞(片語介系詞動詞)

有些結構會組合 兩個附加成分,且 受詞必須跟在整個片語之後

  • To put up with something (忍受)
    • I can't put up with this behavior anymore!
  • To look forward to something (期待)
    • I'm looking forward to summer vacation.
  • To get on with someone (與某人相處融洽)
    • She gets on with her manager exceptionally well.

4. 字面意義與比喻意義

片語動詞 要麼具有相對透明的 字面意義(與組成元素相對應),要麼具有顯著偏離初始動詞的 慣用語意義。這種雙重性要求 系統性學習記憶常見的結構

  • 相對透明的含義:
    • To come in:進入某地(邏輯上:「來」+「進去」)
    • To go out:離開某空間(連貫性:「走」+「出去」)
  • 慣用語意義(難以預測):
    • To bring up a topic:提出一個話題,將其引入談話中
    • To bring up a child:撫養孩子
    • To give up:放棄,永久停止某活動
    • To make up a story:編造一個故事,撒謊
    • To take off:起飛(航空),或迅速成功
      • Her business took off within months.

5. 必備片語動詞列表

以下是 TOEIC® 考試中特別常見的 片語動詞 選擇:

Phrasal Verb翻譯使用範例
Get up起床I get up at 6:30 AM on weekdays.
Wake up從睡眠中醒來She wakes up early every morning.
Put on穿上(衣物)He put on his coat before leaving.
Take off脫下(衣物)/ 起飛Take off your hat indoors. / The flight took off on time.
Look for尋找I'm looking for my wallet.
Look after照顧Can you look after my dog this weekend?
Look up to尊敬,欽佩Many students look up to their professor.
Look forward to期待We're looking forward to the conference.
Turn on / Turn off開啟 / 關閉Turn on the computer. / Turn off the lights.
Pick up拿起 / 接送 / 吸收(知識)Pick up that paper. / I'll pick you up at noon. / She picked up French quickly.
Give up放棄Don't give up on your goals.
Bring up養育 / 提及He was brought up in the countryside. / She brought up an important point.
Catch up (with)趕上進度 / 跟上I need to catch up on emails. / Walk ahead; I'll catch up with you.
Carry on繼續Please carry on with your presentation.
Run into偶然遇見I ran into my former colleague yesterday.
Hold on稍等 / 拿住(電話)Hold on a moment, please.
Find out查明(某資訊)I just found out that the meeting was canceled.
Work out解決 / 鍛鍊身體We need to work out this conflict. / I work out every morning.
Throw away丟棄Don't throw away those documents yet.
Sort out解決,整理Let's sort out the schedule for next week.
Give in屈服,投降After hours of negotiation, they gave in.
Call off取消The event was called off because of the storm.
Break down(機器)故障 / 崩潰The printer broke down again. / He broke down during the interview.
Break up(關係)結束They broke up last month.
Set up建立,設置The team set up a new procedure.
Put up with忍受I can't put up with this attitude.
Take over接管A new manager will take over next quarter.
Back up備份 / 支持Back up your data regularly. / I'll back you up in the meeting.
Come across偶然發現I came across an old photo album.
Hang up掛斷(電話)She hung up without saying goodbye.
Go over複習,審查Let's go over the contract one more time.
Turn down拒絕He turned down the promotion.
Bring in引進,帶來The firm brought in external consultants.
Run out of用完...的儲備We've run out of coffee.
Show up出現,到達He showed up unexpectedly.
Make up編造 / 和好She made up an alibi. / They made up quickly after the fight.
Go through經歷(考驗)The company went through major restructuring.
Drop in順道拜訪Feel free to drop in anytime.
Fall through失敗,落空The deal fell through at the last minute.
Get in touch取得聯繫Please get in touch with HR.
Keep up with跟上(節奏)It's hard to keep up with all the changes.
Look up查閱(字典,網路)I looked up the definition online.
Make up for彌補She tried to make up for the delay.
Narrow down縮小範圍We need to narrow down the list to five candidates.
Own up to承認,坦白He owned up to the error.
Step down辭去(職位)The director stepped down after the scandal.

結論

片語動詞流利運用實用英語 的基本組成部分,並且大量出現在 TOEIC® 的閱讀和聽力 部分。儘管由於其 多重含義多變的語法結構(可分離或不可分離,及物或不及物),它們最初可能顯得複雜,但 經常性的練習 有助於快速識別並自信地運用它們。

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