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短语动词指南 – TOEIC® 备考

Flow Exam team

一个 phrasal verb(也称为 短语动词)是将一个 基本动词 与一个 附加成分(通常是 up, out, in, off, on, over, away 等)组合而成。例如,“to look” 的意思是 “看”,而 “to look after” 的意思是 “照顾/照看”“to look up to” 的意思是 “仰慕”

这些 附加成分 至关重要:它们可以 彻底改变初始动词的含义,或者为其 增添特定的语义色彩。以下是一个典型的例子:

  • To break:打破,弄坏
  • To break down:抛锚/精神崩溃
  • To break in:非法闯入
  • To break up:分手(结束恋爱关系)

1. 短语动词的构成机制

基本运作基于一个清晰的原则:将一个动词与一个附加成分组合。这个附加成分可以是:

  • 一个 介词 (in, on, at, by, after, for, etc.)
  • 一个 副词 (up, down, away, off, etc.)

在某些情况下,我们会遇到 两个连续的附加成分,形成了所谓的 短语介词动词 (phrasal-prepositional verbs)

  • To put up with something (忍受某事) → 完整的附加成分是 “up with”

2. 短语动词的主要分类

A. 及物动词与不及物动词的区别

  • 及物动词 (Transitifs):这些动词需要一个 宾语 (COD 或 COI)
  • 不及物动词 (Intransitifs):这些动词 不需要宾语
COD (直接宾语) 在动词后直接补充,中间没有介词。要识别它,在动词后问“什么?”或“谁?”。→ I read a book. → I read WHAT? a bookCOI (间接宾语) 需要一个介词(如 to, of, for 等)。通过问“对谁?”,“关于什么?”等来识别。→ I talk to my colleague. → I talk TO WHOM? to my colleague

关于代词的特殊规则

当宾语是 人称代词 时,它 必须 插入到动词和附加成分之间。

  • ✅ I turned it off.❌ I turned off it.
  • ✅ She picked him up.❌ She picked up him.
  • ✅ Can you put it on?❌ Can you put on it?

B. 可分与不可分动词(及物动词的情况)

  • 可分 (Séparables):宾语可以插入到动词和附加成分之间,或者跟在动词+附加成分的后面

附加成分“off”可以紧跟在“turn”后面,也可以放在“light”后面

  • Turn off the computer = Turn the computer off (关掉电脑)
  • Pick up the package = Pick the package up (取包裹)
  • 不可分 (Inséparables):宾语永远不能插入其中。它必须系统地跟在完整的附加成分之后

C. 双附加成分动词 (phrasal-prepositional verbs)

某些结构组合了 两个附加成分,并且 宾语必须跟在整个结构之后

  • To put up with something (忍受)
  • To look forward to something (期待)
  • To get on with someone (与某人关系融洽)

4. 字面意义与引申意义

短语动词 要么具有相对透明的 字面意义(与构成元素相关),要么具有 习语意义,后者可能与初始动词相去甚远。这种双重性要求 系统学习记忆常用结构

  • 相对透明的含义:
  • 习语意义(难以预测):

5. 核心短语动词列表

以下是在 TOEIC® 考试中特别常见的 短语动词 选择:

结论

短语动词流利运用功能性英语 的一个基本组成部分,并且在 TOEIC®阅读和听力 部分大量出现。尽管由于其 多种含义多变的语法结构(可分或不可分,及物或不及物),它们最初可能显得复杂,但 经常练习 可以帮助你快速识别它们并自信地使用它们。

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Phrasal Verb翻译使用示例
Get up起床I get up at 6:30 AM on weekdays.
Wake up醒来She wakes up early every morning.
Put on穿上(衣物)He put on his coat before leaving.
Take off脱下(衣物)/ 起飞Take off your hat indoors. / The flight took off on time.
Look for寻找I'm looking for my wallet.
Look after照顾Can you look after my dog this weekend?
Look up to尊敬,钦佩Many students look up to their professor.
Look forward to期待We're looking forward to the conference.
Turn on / Turn off打开 / 关闭Turn on the computer. / Turn off the lights.
Pick up拿起 / 接送 / 学会Pick up that paper. / I'll pick you up at noon. / She picked up French quickly.
Give up放弃Don't give up on your goals.
Bring up抚养 / 提及He was brought up in the countryside. / She brought up an important point.
Catch up (with)赶上(进度)/ 跟上I need to catch up on emails. / Walk ahead; I'll catch up with you.
Carry on继续Please carry on with your presentation.
Run into偶然遇见I ran into my former colleague yesterday.
Hold on稍等 / 别挂断Hold on a moment, please.
Find out查明,发现(信息)I just found out that the meeting was canceled.
Work out解决 / 锻炼身体We need to work out this conflict. / I work out every morning.
Throw away扔掉,丢弃Don't throw away those documents yet.
Sort out整理,解决Let's sort out the schedule for next week.
Give in屈服,让步After hours of negotiation, they gave in.
Call off取消The event was called off because of the storm.
Break down抛锚(机器)/ 崩溃The printer broke down again. / He broke down during the interview.
Break up分手(关系)They broke up last month.
Set up建立,设置The team set up a new procedure.
Put up with忍受I can't put up with this attitude.
Take over接管A new manager will take over next quarter.
Back up备份 / 支持Back up your data regularly. / I'll back you up in the meeting.
Come across偶然发现I came across an old photo album.
Hang up挂断(电话)She hung up without saying goodbye.
Go over复习,审查Let's go over the contract one more time.
Turn down拒绝He turned down the promotion.
Bring in引进,带来The firm brought in external consultants.
Run out of用完,耗尽We've run out of coffee.
Show up出现,到达He showed up unexpectedly.
Make up编造 / 和解She made up an alibi. / They made up quickly after the fight.
Go through经历(考验)The company went through major restructuring.
Drop in顺便拜访Feel free to drop in anytime.
Fall through失败,落空The deal fell through at the last minute.
Get in touch取得联系Please get in touch with HR.
Keep up with跟上(节奏)It's hard to keep up with all the changes.
Look up查阅(字典,网络)I looked up the definition online.
Make up for弥补She tried to make up for the delay.
Narrow down缩小范围We need to narrow down the list to five candidates.
Own up to承认,坦白He owned up to the error.
Step down辞职(职位)The director stepped down after the scandal.