短语动词指南 – TOEIC® 备考
Flow Exam team
一个 phrasal verb(也称为 短语动词)是将一个 基本动词 与一个 附加成分(通常是 up, out, in, off, on, over, away 等)组合而成。例如,“to look” 的意思是 “看”,而 “to look after” 的意思是 “照顾/照看”,“to look up to” 的意思是 “仰慕”。
这些 附加成分 至关重要:它们可以 彻底改变初始动词的含义,或者为其 增添特定的语义色彩。以下是一个典型的例子:
- To break:打破,弄坏
- To break down:抛锚/精神崩溃
- To break in:非法闯入
- To break up:分手(结束恋爱关系)
1. 短语动词的构成机制
基本运作基于一个清晰的原则:将一个动词与一个附加成分组合。这个附加成分可以是:
- 一个 介词 (in, on, at, by, after, for, etc.)
- 一个 副词 (up, down, away, off, etc.)
在某些情况下,我们会遇到 两个连续的附加成分,形成了所谓的 短语介词动词 (phrasal-prepositional verbs)。
- To put up with something (忍受某事) → 完整的附加成分是 “up with”
2. 短语动词的主要分类
A. 及物动词与不及物动词的区别
- 及物动词 (Transitifs):这些动词需要一个 宾语 (COD 或 COI)
- 不及物动词 (Intransitifs):这些动词 不需要宾语
COD (直接宾语) 在动词后直接补充,中间没有介词。要识别它,在动词后问“什么?”或“谁?”。→ I read a book. → I read WHAT? a bookCOI (间接宾语) 需要一个介词(如 to, of, for 等)。通过问“对谁?”,“关于什么?”等来识别。→ I talk to my colleague. → I talk TO WHOM? to my colleague
关于代词的特殊规则
当宾语是 人称代词 时,它 必须 插入到动词和附加成分之间。
- ✅ I turned it off.❌ I turned off it.
- ✅ She picked him up.❌ She picked up him.
- ✅ Can you put it on?❌ Can you put on it?
B. 可分与不可分动词(及物动词的情况)
- 可分 (Séparables):宾语可以插入到动词和附加成分之间,或者跟在动词+附加成分的后面
附加成分“off”可以紧跟在“turn”后面,也可以放在“light”后面
- Turn off the computer = Turn the computer off (关掉电脑)
- Pick up the package = Pick the package up (取包裹)
- 不可分 (Inséparables):宾语永远不能插入其中。它必须系统地跟在完整的附加成分之后
C. 双附加成分动词 (phrasal-prepositional verbs)
某些结构组合了 两个附加成分,并且 宾语必须跟在整个结构之后:
- To put up with something (忍受)
- To look forward to something (期待)
- To get on with someone (与某人关系融洽)
4. 字面意义与引申意义
短语动词 要么具有相对透明的 字面意义(与构成元素相关),要么具有 习语意义,后者可能与初始动词相去甚远。这种双重性要求 系统学习 并 记忆常用结构。
- 相对透明的含义:
- 习语意义(难以预测):
5. 核心短语动词列表
以下是在 TOEIC® 考试中特别常见的 短语动词 选择:
结论
短语动词 是 流利运用功能性英语 的一个基本组成部分,并且在 TOEIC® 的 阅读和听力 部分大量出现。尽管由于其 多种含义 和 多变的语法结构(可分或不可分,及物或不及物),它们最初可能显得复杂,但 经常练习 可以帮助你快速识别它们并自信地使用它们。
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| Phrasal Verb | 翻译 | 使用示例 |
|---|---|---|
| Get up | 起床 | I get up at 6:30 AM on weekdays. |
| Wake up | 醒来 | She wakes up early every morning. |
| Put on | 穿上(衣物) | He put on his coat before leaving. |
| Take off | 脱下(衣物)/ 起飞 | Take off your hat indoors. / The flight took off on time. |
| Look for | 寻找 | I'm looking for my wallet. |
| Look after | 照顾 | Can you look after my dog this weekend? |
| Look up to | 尊敬,钦佩 | Many students look up to their professor. |
| Look forward to | 期待 | We're looking forward to the conference. |
| Turn on / Turn off | 打开 / 关闭 | Turn on the computer. / Turn off the lights. |
| Pick up | 拿起 / 接送 / 学会 | Pick up that paper. / I'll pick you up at noon. / She picked up French quickly. |
| Give up | 放弃 | Don't give up on your goals. |
| Bring up | 抚养 / 提及 | He was brought up in the countryside. / She brought up an important point. |
| Catch up (with) | 赶上(进度)/ 跟上 | I need to catch up on emails. / Walk ahead; I'll catch up with you. |
| Carry on | 继续 | Please carry on with your presentation. |
| Run into | 偶然遇见 | I ran into my former colleague yesterday. |
| Hold on | 稍等 / 别挂断 | Hold on a moment, please. |
| Find out | 查明,发现(信息) | I just found out that the meeting was canceled. |
| Work out | 解决 / 锻炼身体 | We need to work out this conflict. / I work out every morning. |
| Throw away | 扔掉,丢弃 | Don't throw away those documents yet. |
| Sort out | 整理,解决 | Let's sort out the schedule for next week. |
| Give in | 屈服,让步 | After hours of negotiation, they gave in. |
| Call off | 取消 | The event was called off because of the storm. |
| Break down | 抛锚(机器)/ 崩溃 | The printer broke down again. / He broke down during the interview. |
| Break up | 分手(关系) | They broke up last month. |
| Set up | 建立,设置 | The team set up a new procedure. |
| Put up with | 忍受 | I can't put up with this attitude. |
| Take over | 接管 | A new manager will take over next quarter. |
| Back up | 备份 / 支持 | Back up your data regularly. / I'll back you up in the meeting. |
| Come across | 偶然发现 | I came across an old photo album. |
| Hang up | 挂断(电话) | She hung up without saying goodbye. |
| Go over | 复习,审查 | Let's go over the contract one more time. |
| Turn down | 拒绝 | He turned down the promotion. |
| Bring in | 引进,带来 | The firm brought in external consultants. |
| Run out of | 用完,耗尽 | We've run out of coffee. |
| Show up | 出现,到达 | He showed up unexpectedly. |
| Make up | 编造 / 和解 | She made up an alibi. / They made up quickly after the fight. |
| Go through | 经历(考验) | The company went through major restructuring. |
| Drop in | 顺便拜访 | Feel free to drop in anytime. |
| Fall through | 失败,落空 | The deal fell through at the last minute. |
| Get in touch | 取得联系 | Please get in touch with HR. |
| Keep up with | 跟上(节奏) | It's hard to keep up with all the changes. |
| Look up | 查阅(字典,网络) | I looked up the definition online. |
| Make up for | 弥补 | She tried to make up for the delay. |
| Narrow down | 缩小范围 | We need to narrow down the list to five candidates. |
| Own up to | 承认,坦白 | He owned up to the error. |
| Step down | 辞职(职位) | The director stepped down after the scandal. |