英语介词指南 – TOEIC® 备考
Flow Exam team
在英语中，介词 (préposition) 指的是一个词语（或一组词语），用于在名词（或代词）与句子的其他成分之间建立联系。它能表达位置、时间、方向、原因、所属关系、动作执行者等多种关系。
- The book is on the table. (介词 on 在 book 和 table 之间建立联系，以明确位置。)
通常情况下，介词直接位于其后的名词或代词之前。然而，现代英语有时也允许句尾使用介词，尤其是在非正式语体和某些习语中。
- What are you looking for? (常用表达，允许介词置于句末)
- This is the house in which I grew up. (更正式的结构，避免介词置于句末)
1. 空间介词
空间介词 (prépositions spatiales) 用来明确人或物体在空间中的位置。
| 介词 | 含义 | 示例 |
|---|---|---|
| in | 在...里面（用于封闭空间） | She is in the room. |
| on | 在...表面上 | The book is on the table. |
| at | 在（一个精确的位置） | We met at the bus stop. |
| above | 在...正上方（没有接触） | The painting is above the fireplace. |
| over | 在...上方（有覆盖或移动） | She put a blanket over the baby. |
| below | 在...正下方（没有接触） | The temperature is below zero. |
| under | 在...下面（可能接触） | The shoes are under the bed. |
| beneath | 在...下面（文学用语） | He hid the letter beneath his pillow. |
| between | 在两个实体之间 | She sat between her two friends. |
| among | 在...之中（多于两个） | He was among the crowd. |
| amid | 在...之中（正式用语，处于...的中心） | They remained calm amid the chaos. |
| inside | 在...里面 | She is inside the house. |
| outside | 在...外面 | He waited outside the building. |
| near | 靠近 | The school is near the park. |
| next to | 在...旁边 | She sat next to me. |
| beside | 在...旁边（同义词） | He placed his bag beside the chair. |
| by | 在...附近 | The house is by the river. |
| adjacent to | 毗邻 | The café is adjacent to the bookstore. |
| behind | 在...后面 | The car is behind the truck. |
| in front of | 在...前面 | He stood in front of the mirror. |
| before | 在...前面（指顺序或时间） | She arrived before noon. |
| underneath | 在...下面（更隐蔽） | The keys were underneath the papers. |
| opposite | 在...对面 | The restaurant is opposite the cinema. |
| within | 在...的范围内 | The package will arrive within two days. |
| without | 没有 | He left without his keys. |
| against | 靠着（一个表面） | She leaned against the wall. |
| alongside | 沿着，与...平行 | The ship sailed alongside the coast. |
“In” - “on” - “at”
- “In” 用于表示一个划定的空间或一个地理区域。它强调处于一个明确的范围之内。
- She is in the kitchen. (她在厨房里。)
- They live in France. (他们住在法国。)
- The keys are in my pocket. (钥匙在我的口袋里。)
- “On” 用于平面或被视为平面的表面。它通常暗示与该表面接触。
- The book is on the table. (书在桌子上。)
- He sat on the bench. (他坐在长凳上。)
- Her picture is on the wall. (她的照片在墙上。)
- “At” 用于指出一个空间上的特定点。它表示一个精确的位置，而不强调内部或表面。
- I will meet you at the bus stop. (我会在公交车站与你见面。)
- She is at the entrance. (她在入口处。)
- Let's meet at the restaurant. (我们约在餐厅见吧。)
“In”，“on”，“at” 的区别
- “At” 针对精确的点，一个确切的地址 (例如：at school, at home)。
- “In” 表达一个封闭空间或一个广阔区域 (例如：in the room, in the house)。
- “On” 强调接触的表面或平面位置 (例如：on the table, on the floor)。
特殊情况：“In the car” / “On the bus” / “On the train”
- 我们使用 “in” 表示汽车，因为它是一个狭小且私密的内部空间。
- I'm in the car. (我在车里。)
- 我们对公共汽车 (bus)、火车 (train)、飞机 (plane)、轮船 (boat) 更倾向于使用 “on”，因为人们可以在内部走动，并且有集体交通工具的概念。
- She is on the bus. (她在公交车上。)
“Above” - “Over”
“Above” 和 “Over” 都表示“在…上方”，但区别在于：
- “Above” 一般用于没有直接接触的物体之间，或者上方的物体没有覆盖下方的物体。
- The painting hangs above the fireplace. (没有接触，仅仅是上方)
- “Over” 可以表示越过某物的移动，或覆盖某物的动作。
- He put a blanket over the baby. (毯子盖住了宝宝)
“Below” - “Under” - “Beneath”
“Below”、“Under” 和 “Beneath” 的意思是“在…下面”，但区别在于：
- “Under” 是表示一个物体位于另一个物体下方时最常用的。
- The cat is under the table. (猫在桌子下面。)
- “Below” 主要用于存在一定的垂直距离，或者表示文档或图表中较低的位置。
- The temperature is below zero. (温度低于零度。)
- “Beneath” 更多用于文学或正式语体，也可能带有比喻意义 (例如：beneath one's dignity - 有失身份)。
- He hid the letter beneath his pillow. (他把信藏在了枕头下面。)
“Between” - “Among” - “Amid”
- “Between” 表示某物被放置在两个元素之间。
- I'm standing between my two best friends. (我站在我最好的两个朋友之间。)
- “Among” 意味着某物位于三个或更多元素的集合之中，不一定有明确的物理包围感。
- She found a letter among the papers on her desk. (她在桌上的一堆文件中找到了信。)
- “Amid” 表示被某事（通常是情况、氛围）包围或沉浸其中。它主要用于正式或文学语体。
- They stayed calm amid the chaos. (他们在混乱中保持了镇定。)
“Across” - “Through” - “Along”
- “Across” 描述穿过某物，从一侧到达另一侧的动作。
- They walked across the street. (他们穿过马路。)
- “Through” 强调穿过一个封闭空间或实体的移动。
- We drove through the tunnel. (我们开车穿过了隧道。)
- “Along” 指沿着某条线或边缘的移动或位置。
- She walked along the river. (她沿着河边散步。)
2. 时间介词
时间介词用来明确事件何时发生、其持续时间或频率。
| 介词 | 含义 | 示例 |
|---|---|---|
| in | 用于月份、年份、世纪、一天中的时间 | We met in July. |
| on | 用于星期、具体日期和事件 | The meeting is on Monday. |
| at | 用于具体时间点 | I will see you at 5 PM. |
| by | 在某个时间点之前（截止日期） | Finish the report by Friday. |
| before | 在某个时间点之前 | I arrived before noon. |
| after | 在某个时间点之后 | Let's meet after lunch. |
| until | 直到某个具体时间点 | She stayed until midnight. |
| till | 直到某个时间点（更口语化） | I'll wait till you arrive. |
| since | 从过去某个时间点开始 | I have lived here since 2010. |
| for | 表示一段持续的时间 | They traveled for two months. |
| during | 在一时间段内 | It rained during the night. |
| within | 在...期限内 | The package will arrive within 24 hours. |
| from | 一段时期的开始 | We worked from 9 AM to 5 PM. |
| to | 一段时期的结束 | The shop is open from Monday to Friday. |
| between | 两个时间点之间的间隔 | The event takes place between 3 PM and 5 PM. |
| around | 大约 | He arrived around noon. |
| about | 大约 | The class starts about 10 AM. |
| past | 超过某个整点 | It's past midnight. |
| up to | 直到某个时间点 | The offer is valid up to the end of the month. |
| as of | 从...开始算起 | The policy applies as of next year. |
| throughout | 在整个一段时间内 | The song played throughout the concert. |
| over | 在...期间 | He stayed over the weekend. |
| ahead of | 早于（更正式） | We must plan ahead of the deadline. |
“In” - “on” - “at”
- “In” 通常用于较长的时间段（月份、年份、季节、一天中的时段）。
- in May, in 2025, in the morning (五月，2025年，早晨)
- He was born in 1990. (他出生于1990年。)
- It often rains in winter. (冬天常下雨。)
- “On” 专门用于具体的星期和特定的日期。
- on Monday, on December 5th (周一，12月5日)
- My birthday is on July 10th. (我生日是7月10日。)
- We will meet on Christmas Day. (我们将在圣诞节那天见面。)
- “At” 指精确的时刻。
- at 5:00 PM, at sunrise, at midday (下午5点，日出时，正午)
- Let's meet at noon. (我们正午见。)
- We usually have dinner at 7 PM. (我们通常晚上7点吃晚饭。)
“In”，“on”和“at”之间的细微差别
- In the morning / in the afternoon / in the evening，但 at night (夜间是习语例外)。
- At the weekend (英式英语)，on the weekend (美式英语)。
“By” - “before” - “until” - “from ... to”
- “By” 表示一个最终期限，一个时间限制。
- Finish this report by Friday. (最晚周五)
- I'll be there by 6 PM. (下午6点以前)
- “Before” 表示某事发生在另一个事件或时间之前。
- We must leave before sunset. (我们必须在日落前离开。)
- Finish your homework before dinner. (晚饭前做完作业。)
- “Until” 标明一个动作或状态持续到一个精确的时刻。
- I stayed at the office until 7 PM. (我待在办公室直到晚上7点。)
- He waited till midnight. (till 是 until 的非正式用法)
- “From ... to” 表示一个时期的开始和结束。
- I work from 9 AM to 5 PM. (我早上9点到下午5点工作。)
- They were on vacation from Monday to Thursday. (他们周一到周四在度假。)
“During” - “for” - “since”
- “During” 强调事件发生的时间段，不说明确切的持续时间。
- He called me during the meeting. (会议期间他给我打了电话。)
- It rained during the night. (夜里下雨了。)
- “For” 表示持续了多长时间。
- They studied for three hours. (他们学习了三个小时。)
- We lived in London for five years. (我们在伦敦住了五年。)
- “Since” 用于表示一个过去的起点，且该动作或情况持续到现在。
- I have lived here since 2010. (我从2010年起就住在这里了。)
- She has been waiting since this morning. (她从今早起就在等了。)
3. 运动或方向介词
这些介词描述移动的目的地或移动的方式。
| 介词 | 含义 | 示例 |
|---|---|---|
| across | 从一侧到另一侧 | He walked across the street. |
| through | 穿过一个封闭空间 | The train passed through the tunnel. |
| along | 沿着 | We walked along the beach. |
| onto | 朝向一个表面 | He jumped onto the table. |
| into | 朝向一个内部空间 | She went into the room. |
| out of | 从...出来 | He got out of the car. |
| from | 动作的起点 | He came from London. |
| towards | 朝向 | She ran towards the exit. |
| to | 朝向一个目的地 | We are going to Paris. |
| off | 从一个表面脱离 | She fell off the chair. |
| up | 向上 | He climbed up the ladder. |
| down | 向下 | She walked down the stairs. |
| beyond | 在...之外 | The town is beyond the hills. |
| past | 经过 | She walked past the bank. |
| around | 围绕 | They traveled around the world. |
“To” - “into” - “onto”
- “To” 表示方向或目的地。
- I'm going to the store. (我要去商店。)
- He walked to the bus stop. (他走到公交车站。)
- “Into” 强调某人或某物进入一个地方或另一个物体内部。
- She poured the tea into the cup. (她把茶倒进了杯子里。)
- “Onto” 表示朝某个表面移动。
- He jumped onto the table. (他跳到了桌子上。)
“In”/“into” 或 “On”/“Onto” 之间的混淆
- “In” (静态) vs. “into” (进入的动作)。
- (静态位置) : She is in the room. (她在房间里。)
- (进入的动作) : She walked into the room. (她走进房间。)
- “On” (静态) vs. “Onto” (朝上方的移动)。
- (静态位置) : He stands on the stage. (他站在舞台上。)
- (向上移动的动作) : He jumps onto the stage. (他跳上舞台。)
In / To + 国家
- 我们通常使用 “in” 来表示身处某个国家。
- He lives in Spain. (他住在西班牙。)
- 我们使用 “to” 来表达前往某个国家或城市。
- He moved to Spain last year. (他去年搬到了西班牙。)
“Around” - “About”
- “Around” 或 “about” 可以表示围绕某个地方的圆周移动或大致的范围。
- He wandered around the park. (他在公园里漫步。)
- They walked about the city, exploring the streets. (更具文学性或地区性变体)
4. 其他常用介词及其用法
| 介词 | 含义 | 示例 |
|---|---|---|
| with | 陪伴、工具的使用、方式 | She wrote with a pen. / I went to the party with my friends. |
| without | 缺少某物 | He left without his phone. |
| by | 动作的施动者（被动语态）、交通工具、临近 | The book was written by Shakespeare. / We traveled by car. |
| about | 讨论的主题或近似值 | We talked about the new project. / There were about 50 people in the room. |
| like | 比较 | She runs like a cheetah. |
| as | 职能、角色、比较 | He works as a teacher. / Do it as I showed you. |
| except | 排除某一项 | Everyone came except John. |
| apart from | “除了”或“加上”（取决于上下文） | Apart from English, he speaks Spanish. |
| instead of | 替代选择 | Take tea instead of coffee. |
| according to | 信息来源 | According to the news, it's going to rain. |
| because of | 事件的原因 | The flight was delayed because of the storm. |
| due to | “because of”更正式的表达 | The delay was due to technical issues. |
| owing to | 原因（正式语体） | The match was canceled owing to heavy rain. |
| thanks to | 积极的原因 | We succeeded thanks to your help. |
| in spite of | 转折/让步 | He finished the race in spite of his injury. |
| despite | "in spite of"的同义词 | She won despite the difficulties. |
| instead | 替代（不带“of”） | I didn't take the bus. I walked instead. |
| unlike | 不同 | Unlike his brother, he loves sports. |
| contrary to | 与某种信念相反 | Contrary to popular belief, bats are not blind. |
| regarding | 文件或讨论的主题 | I have a question regarding your proposal. |
| concerning | "regarding"的同义词 | He called me concerning the contract. |
| apart | 分离 | They live far apart from each other. |
| toward(s) | 意图或抽象方向 | His attitude towards work has changed. |
| beyond | 超越界限（比喻或空间上） | This problem is beyond my understanding. |
| against | 反对或物理接触 | They are against the new policy. / She leaned against the wall. |
| per | 频率或比例 | He earns $20 per hour. |
| via | 中介或经过某点 | We traveled to Italy via Paris. |
| as for | 引出不同的主题 | As for the budget, we need to cut costs. |
| as well as | 附加 | She speaks French as well as Spanish. |
| rather than | 偏好 | I would stay home rather than go out. |
| except for | 例外 | The report is complete except for a few details. |
“With” - “Without”
- “With” 表示陪伴、使用工具，或做某事的方式。
- I went to the party with my friends. (我跟朋友们去参加了派对。)
- She cut the bread with a knife. (她用刀切面包。)
- “Without” 表示缺少某人或某物。
- He left without saying goodbye. (他没说再见就走了。)
- I can't live without music. (没有音乐我活不下去。)
“By”
“By” 根据上下文有多种含义：
- 在被动语态中，“by” 引出动作的执行者。
- This book was written by J.K. Rowling. (这本书是J.K.罗琳写的。)
- “By” 表示完成某动作所使用的方法或工具。
- We traveled by car / by train / by plane. (我们乘汽车/火车/飞机旅行。)
- “By” 表示位置（在…旁边，靠近）。
- My house is by the river. (我的房子在河边。)
- “By” 用于表示“经过”。
- We walked by the park on our way home. (回家路上我们经过了公园。)
“About”
“About” 可以表示“关于”或“大约”。
- We talked about the new movie. (谈话主题)
- There were about fifty people at the party. (近似值)
“Like” - “As”
“Like” 用于比较两个元素或两种情况。
- He runs like a cheetat. (他跑得像猎豹一样快。)
“As” 可以有多种含义。常见用法之一是“作为”。
- I work as a teacher. (我作为一名教师工作。)
区分 “like” 和 “as”
“Like” 和 “as” 有时可以互换用于表达比较，但区别在于：
- “as” 后面通常跟一个从句 (如：as if, as though)
- “like” 通常后面直接跟名词或代词。
“Except” - “Apart from”
“Except” 表示排除某一项。
- Everyone passed the exam except John. (除了约翰，所有人都通过了考试。)
“Apart from” 意为“除了…之外”，根据语境可用于排除或包含。
- Apart from Monday, I'm free all week. (排除了周一)
- Apart from that little issue, everything went fine. (暗示“撇开那个小问题不谈”，一切顺利)
5. 特殊情况和常见陷阱
“At night” 与 “in the night”
“At night” 用于谈论夜晚这个时间段。
- I usually sleep at night. (我通常在晚上睡觉。)
“In the night” 用于表示在夜间期间，常指在夜里发生的某个特定事件。
- It started raining in the night. (强调夜间某个特定时刻开始下雨)
“Different from” - “different to” - “different than”
“Different from” 是最常见且通常被认为是标准的用法。
- His style is different from mine. (他的风格与我的不同。)
“Different to” 主要用于英式英语。
- This country is different to what I expected. (这个国家和我预想的不同。)
“Different than” 主要用于美式英语。
- This result is different than I thought. (这个结果和我以为的不同。)
“Home” (通常) 后无介词
当表达“回家”时，通常说 go home，后面不跟介词。
✅ I'm going home. (我要回家了。)
❌ I'm going to home. (错误)
“Ask for something” (而非 “ask something”)
要表达“索要某物”，介词 for 是必不可少的。
- She asked for advice. (她索要了建议。)
“Look at” - “look for” - “look after” - “look into”
“Look at” 意为“看某物”。
- Look at that beautiful sunset. (看那美丽的日落。)
“Look for” 意为“寻找某物”。
- I'm looking for my keys. (我正在找我的钥匙。)
“Look after” 意为“照顾”、“照看”。
- She looks after her younger siblings. (她照顾她的弟弟妹妹。)
“Look into” 意为“调查”、“深入研究某个问题”。
- We need to look into this matter. (我们需要调查此事。)
“Listen to” 和 “hear”
“Listen to” 对应“听”。是有意识地听声音。
- I'm listening to music. (我正在听音乐。)
“Hear” 更偏向于“听到”。指的是对声音的感知，不带有主动注意的含义。
- I can't hear you properly. (我听不清你说什么。)
“Wait for” 和 “wait on”
“Wait for someone/something” 意为“等待某人/某事”。
- I'm waiting for the train. (我在等火车。)
“Wait on someone” 意为“伺候某人”。这个表达主要用于餐饮业，但使用频率很低。
- He waited on tables during the summer. (夏天当过服务员)
“Agree with” - “Agree on” - “Agree to”
“Agree with someone” 意为同意某人，赞同其观点。
- I agree with you. (我同意你的看法。)
“Agree on a topic” 意为就一个具体话题达成一致。
- We agreed on the best course of action. (我们就最佳行动方案达成了一致。)
“Agree to something” 意为同意、批准某项提议。
- He agreed to help us. (他同意帮助我们。)
“Depend on” vs. “Depend of”
在英语中，我们说 depend on。
✅ It depends on the weather. (那要看天气了。)
❌ It depends of the weather. (错误)
“Belong to”
表示所有权时，我们使用 “belong to”。
- This book belongs to me. (这本书是我的。)
“Made of” - “made from” - “made out of” - “made with” 的构成
“Made of” 用于材料没有发生根本性变化时（木头仍然是木头）。
- This table is made of wood. (这张桌子是木头做的。)
“Made from” 用于原始材料已经无法辨认的情况。
- Wine is made from grapes. (葡萄酒是用葡萄酿造的。)
“Made out of” 强调一个物体被改造成了另一个物体。
- This sculpture was made out of scrap metal. (这座雕塑是用废金属制成的。)
“Made with” 用于提及一个主要的成分或原料（常用于食物）。
- This cake is made with chocolate. (这个蛋糕是用巧克力做的。)
“to” 的省略或错误添加
有些动词要求后接介词 to。
- listen to, belong to, object to
其他动词后面不需要介词 to。
- attack someone, 而不是 attack to someone
英式英语和美式英语的区别
- On the weekend (美式) vs. At the weekend (英式)。
- Different than (美式) vs. Different from/to (英式)。
结论
介词是 TOEIC® 考试中评估的关键点之一。为了最大化你的分数，至关重要的是：
- 掌握它们的主要功能（地点、时间、移动等），以便在理解或语法题中避免错误。
- 特别注意细微的语义差别和惯用结构（例如，look at, look for 等），这些内容经常出现在阅读 (Reading) 和听力 (Listening) 部分。
- 熟悉例外情况和地区差异（英式英语与美式英语），因为 TOEIC® 经常出现反映不同英语语体的文本和音频片段。
其他资源
准备好付诸行动了吗？
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