Kata penghubung logis, juga dikenal sebagai "linking words" atau "connectors", berfungsi untuk menciptakan hubungan antar ide dan memastikan koherensi tekstual dan lisan. Panduan ini menyajikan kategori kata penghubung utama, diklasifikasikan berdasarkan fungsi komunikatifnya.
1. Kata Penghubung Penambahan dan Enumerasi
Istilah-istilah ini memungkinkan pengenalan elemen tambahan, melanjutkan penalaran, atau mengorganisir argumen sesuai dengan progresi logis atau hierarkis.
| Kata Penghubung | Terjemahan | Contoh Kontekstual |
|---|
| and | dan | She enjoys cooking and experimenting with new recipes. |
| also | juga | He manages the team; he also trains new employees. |
| as well | juga / demikian pula | They offer online courses as well as in-person workshops. |
| in addition | selain itu | The hotel has a pool. In addition, it provides a fitness center. |
| moreover | terlebih lagi | The product is expensive. Moreover, it requires constant maintenance. |
| furthermore | selain itu | We're behind schedule. Furthermore, the budget is insufficient. |
| besides | lagipula | I'm not interested in that job. Besides, the salary is too low. |
| first / firstly | pertama | First, we'll review the project objectives. |
| second / secondly | kedua | Second, let's discuss the implementation strategy. |
| third / thirdly | ketiga | Third, we must evaluate potential risks. |
| next | selanjutnya | Next, we'll allocate tasks to each team member. |
| then | kemudian | Then, we can proceed to the testing phase. |
| finally | akhirnya | Finally, we'll present our findings to management. |
| lastly | terakhir | Lastly, I'd like to thank all participants. |
| last but not least | terakhir namun tidak kalah penting | Last but not least, we need to consider customer feedback. |
Poin Perhatian
- "And" merupakan kata penghubung paling netral untuk menggabungkan dua elemen yang sejenis.
- "Besides" berfungsi sebagai preposisi yang berarti "di samping" (cth. "The keys are beside the door."), tetapi sebagai kata penghubung, artinya adalah "selain itu / lagi pula".
- Variasi first/firstly, second/secondly adalah setara secara semantik, tetapi bentuk dengan "-ly" termasuk dalam tingkat bahasa yang lebih formal.
2. Kata Penghubung Sebab dan Akibat
Kata-kata ini mengungkapkan hubungan kausal: mereka merinci asal suatu peristiwa (sebab) atau efeknya (akibat).
Mengekspresikan Sebab
| Kata Penghubung | Terjemahan | Contoh Kontekstual |
|---|
| because | parce que | We postponed the trip because the forecast predicted storms. |
| since | puisque / vu que | Since everyone has arrived, we can begin the presentation. |
| as | comme / étant donné que | As the deadline is approaching, we must accelerate production. |
| due to | en raison de | The delay was due to technical difficulties. |
| owing to | du fait de | Owing to unforeseen circumstances, the event has been rescheduled. |
Mengekspresikan Akibat
| Kata Penghubung | Terjemahan | Contoh Kontekstual |
|---|
| so | donc / alors | The store was closed, so we went to another one. |
| therefore | par conséquent / donc | She demonstrated excellent skills; therefore, she received a promotion. |
| thus | ainsi / de ce fait | Costs have decreased; thus, profits have improved. |
| as a result | en conséquence | Demand surged. As a result, production capacity doubled. |
| consequently | par conséquent | The budget was cut. Consequently, several projects were abandoned. |
| hence | d'où / ainsi | He possessed unique expertise; hence, his recruitment by the firm. |
Poin Perhatian
- "So" terutama digunakan dalam percakapan dan konteks informal.
- "Therefore", "thus", "consequently", dan "hence" termasuk dalam tingkat bahasa formal dan sangat cocok untuk tulisan akademis atau profesional.
- "Due to" dan "owing to" diikuti oleh frasa nomina atau gerund:
- The cancellation was due to insufficient registrations.
- Owing to missing the train, she arrived late.
3. Kata Penghubung Kondisi
| Kata Penghubung | Terjemahan | Contoh Kontekstual |
|---|
| if | jika | If you need assistance, don't hesitate to contact us. |
| unless | kecuali jika | The meeting won't happen unless the director approves it. |
| provided (that) | asalkan | You may borrow my laptop provided (that) you handle it carefully. |
| providing (that) | asalkan | We'll reach our targets providing (that) everyone contributes. |
| as long as | selama | You can use the facilities as long as you follow the rules. |
| on condition that | dengan syarat bahwa | They'll invest on condition that we present solid guarantees. |
| in case | kalau-kalau / untuk berjaga-jaga | Bring extra batteries in case your phone dies. |
Poin Perhatian
- "Unless" menyatakan kondisi negatif ("jika... tidak..."):
- « I won't attend unless... » = « Saya tidak akan datang kecuali jika... »
- "Provided (that)" dan "providing (that)" dapat dipertukarkan, meskipun "provided that" lebih sering digunakan dalam teks formal.
4. Kata Penghubung Oposisi dan Konsepsi
Mengekspresikan Oposisi
| Kata Penghubung | Terjemahan | Contoh Kontekstual |
|---|
| but | tetapi | The solution seems simple, but implementation is complex. |
| however | namun / akan tetapi | The weather was poor; however, attendance remained high. |
| yet | namun / meskipun demikian | The instructions appeared clear, yet many made mistakes. |
| nevertheless | meskipun demikian / terlepas dari itu | Funding was limited; nevertheless, the project succeeded. |
| nonetheless | meskipun demikian | Reviews were mixed; nonetheless, sales exceeded expectations. |
| still | namun / akan tetapi | He acknowledged his error; still, he refused to apologize. |
| whereas | sementara / sedangkan | She thrives in teamwork, whereas he prefers working independently. |
| while | sementara | While some favor innovation, others prioritize stability. |
| on the other hand | di sisi lain / di lain pihak | Remote work offers flexibility; on the other hand, it can feel isolating. |
Mengekspresikan Konsepsi (Konsesi)
| Kata Penghubung | Terjemahan | Contoh Kontekstual |
|---|
| although | bien que / quoique | Although resources were scarce, they completed the mission. |
| even though | même si | She maintained her composure even though the situation was stressful. |
| though | bien que | Though preparation was rushed, the presentation went smoothly. |
| despite | malgré | Despite technical issues, the conference was a success. |
| in spite of | en dépit de | In spite of limited experience, he demonstrated remarkable skill. |
| even if | même si | We'll proceed even if obstacles arise. |
Poin Perhatian
- "But" adalah kata penghubung oposisi yang paling umum dan paling netral.
- "Though" dapat ditempatkan di akhir kalimat dalam tingkat bahasa akrab:
- It was challenging, though.
- "Despite" dan "in spite of" diikuti oleh kata benda atau gerund:
- Despite the obstacles, they persevered.
- In spite of feeling exhausted, she completed the marathon.
5. Kata Penghubung Tujuan
| Kata Penghubung | Terjemahan | Contoh Kontekstual |
|---|
| to | untuk / agar | She studies diligently to secure a scholarship. |
| in order to | agar / dengan tujuan untuk | They arrived early in order to secure good seats. |
| so as to | supaya | We documented everything so as to ensure transparency. |
| so that | agar / supaya | Speak clearly so that everyone can follow your explanation. |
| in order that | agar | We scheduled multiple sessions in order that all staff could attend. |
Poin Perhatian
- "To" adalah bentuk paling sederhana untuk menyatakan tujuan, biasanya diikuti oleh kata kerja dalam bentuk dasar (infinitive tanpa 'to').
- "So that" dan "in order that" memperkenalkan klausa lengkap dengan subjek dan kata kerja terkonjugasi:
- I repeated the instructions so that no one would be confused.
6. Kata Penghubung Ilustrasi dan Pemberian Contoh
| Kata Penghubung | Terjemahan | Contoh Kontekstual |
|---|
| for example | par exemple | Certain industries, for example, healthcare, are experiencing rapid growth. |
| for instance | par exemple | Many platforms, for instance, LinkedIn, facilitate professional networking. |
| such as | tel que / comme | He enjoys creative hobbies such as photography and painting. |
| like | comme | She appreciates classic authors like Austen and Dickens. |
| e.g. (exempli gratia) | par exemple (abrév.) | Consider citrus fruits (e.g., lemons, grapefruits, limes). |
| specifically | spécifiquement / notamment | The program targets vulnerable populations, specifically elderly individuals. |
| to illustrate | pour illustrer | To illustrate, examine this case study from 2023. |
Poin Perhatian
- "Such as" dan "like" langsung memperkenalkan contoh konkret tanpa tanda baca khusus.
- "e.g." adalah singkatan Latin yang lebih disukai dalam teks akademis atau teknis, biasanya di dalam kurung.
- "For example" dan "for instance" sepenuhnya dapat dipertukarkan dan digunakan untuk memperkenalkan ilustrasi.
7. Kata Penghubung Sintesis dan Kesimpulan
| Kata Penghubung | Terjemahan | Contoh Kontekstual |
|---|
| in conclusion | en conclusion | In conclusion, both approaches present distinct advantages. |
| to sum up | pour résumer | To sum up, we require additional funding to proceed. |
| in summary | en résumé | In summary, the initiative has exceeded initial expectations. |
| all in all | tout compte fait | All in all, the collaboration proved highly productive. |
| overall | globalement / dans l'ensemble | Overall, customer satisfaction has improved significantly. |
| to conclude | pour conclure | To conclude, let's establish clear action items. |
| briefly | brièvement | Briefly, performance indicators show positive trends. |
| in short | en bref / bref | In short, we need a more agile approach. |
Poin Perhatian
- "In conclusion" dan "to conclude" termasuk dalam tingkat bahasa formal dan cocok untuk presentasi atau tulisan profesional.
- "All in all" dan "in short" lebih informal dan sering digunakan dalam percakapan.
Kesimpulan
Kata penghubung logis merupakan alat yang sangat diperlukan untuk menyusun wacana dalam bahasa Inggris. Kata-kata ini menjamin kejelasan, kelancaran, dan koherensi argumentasi. Untuk TOEIC®, menguasai kata penghubung ini sangat menentukan, terutama dalam bagian Reading, di mana kata-kata ini membantu memahami hubungan logis antar ide, serta dalam bagian Listening, di mana kata-kata ini memfasilitasi mengikuti alur argumentasi suatu percakapan atau paparan.
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