Kata Kerja Tidak Beraturan TOEIC: daftar, aturan, dan kesalahan yang harus dihindari (panduan lengkap)

Kata kerja tak beraturan tidak mengikuti aturan tambahan "-ed" pada waktu lampau.

Dalam TOEIC®, kata kerja ini mencakup 40% dari pertanyaan tata bahasa di Bagian 5 dan muncul dalam semua konteks profesional ujian.

Kesulitan sebenarnya? Mengenali seketika bentuk mana yang harus digunakan ketika Anda membaca email, laporan, atau pengumuman.

Contoh: "The supplier has sent the invoice" (bukan "sended"). Mengorganisir kata kerja ini berdasarkan situasi profesional (dan bukan urutan abjad) akan membantu Anda menghafalnya 3 kali lebih cepat.

Kata Kerja untuk Rapat dan Presentasi

Kata kerja ini sering muncul dalam dialog Listening (Bagian 3-4) dan dalam email/pengumuman tentang rapat (Bagian 7).

Base	Passé	Participe passé	Konteks TOEIC® Tipikal
hold	held	held	Hold a meeting, conference
lead	led	led	Lead a team, discussion
speak	spoke	spoken	Speak at an event
begin	began	begun	Begin a presentation
bring	brought	brought	Bring documents, materials
meet	met	met	Meet clients, colleagues
tell	told	told	Tell about results
give	gave	given	Give a presentation, feedback
show	showed	shown	Show data, slides
hear	heard	heard	Hear opinions, concerns
understand	understood	understood	Understand the proposal
think	thought	thought	Think about options
say	said	said	Say during the meeting
mean	meant	meant	Mean to clarify
come	came	come	Come to the meeting
sit	sat	sat	Sit in the conference room
stand	stood	stood	Stand to present
leave	left	left	Leave the meeting early
forget	forgot	forgotten	Forget to mention
spend	spent	spent	Spend time discussing

Contoh Tipikal Bagian 7 :

"The keynote speaker will give a presentation on market trends, and participants who come early can meet with industry experts."
Pembicara utama akan memberikan presentasi tentang tren pasar, dan peserta yang datang lebih awal dapat bertemu dengan pakar industri.

Kata Kerja untuk Email dan Komunikasi

Kata kerja ini mendominasi Bagian 7 (email, korespondensi) dan Bagian 5 (kalimat tentang komunikasi internal).

Base	Passé	Participe passé	Konteks TOEIC® Tipikal
write	wrote	written	Write emails, reports
send	sent	sent	Send messages, files
receive	received	received	Receive confirmation
read	read	read	Read the memo
reply	replied	replied	Reply to inquiries (reguler tapi berguna)
forward	forwarded	forwarded	Forward information (reguler)
make	made	made	Make a request
let	let	let	Let someone know
tell	told	told	Tell about changes
know	knew	known	Know the details
find	found	found	Find attached
see	saw	seen	See below
hear	heard	heard	Hear from you soon
get	got	got/gotten	Get in touch
keep	kept	kept	Keep informed
put	put	put	Put in the subject line
understand	understood	understood	Understand the instructions
feel	felt	felt	Feel free to contact
think	thought	thought	Think it's important

Jebakan Umum Bagian 5 :

"Please find the updated schedule attached." (bukan "attach")
Mohon temukan jadwal terbaru terlampir.

Kata Kerja untuk Laporan dan Analisis

Anda akan menemukannya dalam teks analitis (Bagian 7) dan kalimat tentang hasil keuangan (Bagian 5-6).

Base	Passé	Participe passé	Konteks TOEIC® Tipikal
show	showed	shown	Show results, trends
find	found	found	Find that sales increased
become	became	become	Become the leader
grow	grew	grown	Grow by 15%
rise	rose	risen	Rise significantly
fall	fell	fallen	Fall below expectations
go	went	gone	Go up, go down
cost	cost	cost	Cost less than predicted
lose	lost	lost	Lose market share
win	won	won	Win new contracts
sell	sold	sold	Sell more units
buy	bought	bought	Buy new equipment
spend	spent	spent	Spend on marketing
pay	paid	paid	Pay suppliers
set	set	set	Set new records
break	broke	broken	Break even
hit	hit	hit	Hit targets
meet	met	met	Meet goals
beat	beat	beaten	Beat competitors
cut	cut	cut	Cut costs
forecast	forecast	forecast	Forecast revenues

Contoh Bagian 6 :

"Sales have risen by 12% this quarter, and the company has set a new record for annual revenue."
Penjualan telah meningkat sebesar 12% kuartal ini, dan perusahaan telah mencetak rekor baru untuk pendapatan tahunan.

Kata Kerja untuk Sumber Daya Manusia dan Perekrutan

Kata kerja ini muncul dalam lowongan kerja, kebijakan SDM (Bagian 7), dan pertanyaan tentang staf (Bagian 5).

Base	Passé	Participe passé	Konteks TOEIC® Tipikal
hire	hired	hired	Hire new employees (reguler)
choose	chose	chosen	Choose candidates
become	became	become	Become a manager
take	took	taken	Take a position
leave	left	left	Leave the company
begin	began	begun	Begin employment
quit	quit	quit	Quit the job
lead	led	led	Lead a department
build	built	built	Build a team
teach	taught	taught	Teach new skills
learn	learned/learnt	learned/learnt	Learn procedures
train	trained	trained	Train staff (reguler)
promote	promoted	promoted	Promote to senior role (reguler)
give	gave	given	Give notice
get	got	got/gotten	Get promoted
make	made	made	Make a decision
offer	offered	offered	Offer a contract (reguler)
sign	signed	signed	Sign an agreement (reguler)
understand	understood	understood	Understand benefits
know	knew	known	Know company policies

Contoh Bagian 7 :

"We have chosen three finalists and will make a hiring decision by Friday."
Kami telah memilih tiga finalis dan akan membuat keputusan perekrutan pada hari Jumat.

Kata Kerja untuk Perjalanan dan Tugas Bisnis

Sering muncul dalam pengumuman perjalanan (Bagian 7), dialog di bandara/hotel (Bagian 3), dan laporan biaya perjalanan.

Base	Passé	Participe passé	Konteks TOEIC® Tipikal
go	went	gone	Go on a business trip
come	came	come	Come back from abroad
fly	flew	flown	Fly to the conference
leave	left	left	Leave for Tokyo
take	took	taken	Take a flight
drive	drove	driven	Drive to the site
ride	rode	ridden	Ride the shuttle
catch	caught	caught	Catch a train
miss	missed	missed	Miss a connection (reguler)
arrive	arrived	arrived	Arrive at the hotel (reguler)
depart	departed	departed	Depart on time (reguler)
bring	brought	brought	Bring luggage
forget	forgot	forgotten	Forget passport
lose	lost	lost	Lose baggage
find	found	found	Find accommodation
book	booked	booked	Book a room (reguler)
stay	stayed	stayed	Stay overnight (reguler)
choose	chose	chosen	Choose a hotel
spend	spent	spent	Spend two nights
meet	met	met	Meet overseas clients

Contoh Bagian 3 (dialog) :

"I flew to Seoul last week and met with our partners there."
Saya terbang ke Seoul minggu lalu dan bertemu dengan mitra kami di sana.

Kata Kerja untuk Produksi dan Operasi

Anda akan melihatnya dalam teks tentang manufaktur, logistik, dan proses (Bagian 6-7).

Base	Passé	Participe passé	Konteks TOEIC® Tipikal
make	made	made	Make products
build	built	built	Build facilities
design	designed	designed	Design new models (reguler)
create	created	created	Create prototypes (reguler)
produce	produced	produced	Produce goods (reguler)
manufacture	manufactured	manufactured	Manufacture components (reguler)
develop	developed	developed	Develop solutions (reguler)
build	built	built	Build infrastructure
set	set	set	Set up equipment
run	ran	run	Run operations
begin	began	begun	Begin production
shut	shut	shut	Shut down temporarily
speed	sped	sped	Speed up delivery
deal	dealt	dealt	Deal with issues
handle	handled	handled	Handle logistics (reguler)
ship	shipped	shipped	Ship orders (reguler)
send	sent	sent	Send shipments
bring	brought	brought	Bring supplies
take	took	taken	Take inventory
keep	kept	kept	Keep stock levels
hold	held	held	Hold materials
put	put	put	Put in storage
lay	laid	laid	Lay foundations
wear	wore	worn	Wear safety gear
break	broke	broken	Break down (machinery)
fix	fixed	fixed	Fix equipment (reguler)
repair	repaired	repaired	Repair tools (reguler)

Kata Kerja untuk Keputusan dan Perencanaan

Penting untuk Bagian 5-6 (konteks strategis) dan Bagian 7 (memo tentang strategi).

Base	Passé	Participe passé	Konteks TOEIC® Tipikal
choose	chose	chosen	Choose a strategy
decide	decided	decided	Decide on actions (reguler)
make	made	made	Make decisions
take	took	taken	Take measures
set	set	set	Set objectives
plan	planned	planned	Plan initiatives (reguler)
think	thought	thought	Think about options
consider	considered	considered	Consider proposals (reguler)
agree	agreed	agreed	Agree on terms (reguler)
approve	approved	approved	Approve budgets (reguler)
recommend	recommended	recommended	Recommend changes (reguler)
propose	proposed	proposed	Propose solutions (reguler)
suggest	suggested	suggested	Suggest improvements (reguler)
discuss	discussed	discussed	Discuss plans (reguler)
review	reviewed	reviewed	Review options (reguler)
evaluate	evaluated	evaluated	Evaluate results (reguler)
determine	determined	determined	Determine priorities (reguler)
establish	established	established	Establish guidelines (reguler)
know	knew	known	Know the risks
understand	understood	understood	Understand implications
mean	meant	meant	Mean to implement
seek	sought	sought	Seek approval
bring	brought	brought	Bring ideas
put	put	put	Put forward proposals
come	came	come	Come up with solutions
feel	felt	felt	Feel confident about

Kata Kerja untuk Pembelian dan Kontrak

Sering muncul dalam pesanan pembelian, faktur, dan negosiasi (Bagian 7).

Base	Passé	Participe passé	Konteks TOEIC® Tipikal
buy	bought	bought	Buy supplies
sell	sold	sold	Sell products
pay	paid	paid	Pay invoices
cost	cost	cost	Cost $5000
spend	spent	spent	Spend budget
charge	charged	charged	Charge fees (reguler)
bid	bid	bid	Bid on contracts
win	won	won	Win the tender
lose	lost	lost	Lose the deal
get	got	got/gotten	Get a discount
give	gave	given	Give a quote
offer	offered	offered	Offer terms (reguler)
negotiate	negotiated	negotiated	Negotiate prices (reguler)
sign	signed	signed	Sign contracts (reguler)
make	made	made	Make an offer
order	ordered	ordered	Order materials (reguler)
deliver	delivered	delivered	Deliver goods (reguler)
send	sent	sent	Send payment
receive	received	received	Receive shipment (reguler)
owe	owed	owed	Owe money (reguler)
lend	lent	lent	Lend resources
borrow	borrowed	borrowed	Borrow equipment (reguler)

3 Kesalahan Fatal (dan Cara Menghindarinya)

Pada peserta yang kami dampingi, tiga kesalahan muncul secara konsisten dan dapat mengurangi skor total antara 20 hingga 50 poin.

Kesalahan 1: Salah Membedakan Bentuk A-B-C

Kata kerja seperti write/wrote/written atau choose/chose/chosen adalah yang paling menjebak.

The contract was wrote last month. ✗
The contract was written last month. ✓
Kontrak tersebut ditulis bulan lalu.

Setelah "was/were", Anda HARUS SELALU menggunakan bentuk 3 (past participle), jangan pernah bentuk lampau sederhana (kolom ke-2)!

Kesalahan 2: Lupa "have/has" pada present perfect

The supplier sent the invoice three times this week. (past simple)
The supplier has sent the invoice three times this week. (present perfect) ✓
Pemasok telah mengirim faktur tersebut tiga kali minggu ini.

Dengan "this week/month/year" (periode yang belum selesai), Anda harus menggunakan "has/have + past participle".

Kesalahan 3: Secara Refleks Menggunakan "-ed"

Setelah bertahun-tahun belajar bahasa Inggris, otak Anda menjadi otomatis menambahkan "-ed". Hasilnya: "choosed", "sended", "builded".

Refleks: ketika Anda ragu pada kata kerja umum (go, make, take, send, write, know), kemungkinan besar kata kerja itu tidak beraturan.

Di Flow Exam, Anda dapat berlatih langsung pada tema Kata Kerja Tak Beraturan dengan format yang sama persis seperti di TOEIC®. Jadi, jika Anda kesulitan dengan topik ini, Anda tidak akan pernah membuat kesalahan yang sama lagi.

Metode Belajar Berdasarkan Konteks (Sangat Efektif)

Bahkan di kalangan peserta yang sudah memiliki akses ke platform persiapan melalui sekolah mereka, menghafal berdasarkan daftar abjad sering gagal.
Alasannya sederhana: alat-alat tersebut menekankan pada aturan, namun jarang menekankan pada refleks yang harus diterapkan di bawah tekanan.

Langkah 1: Pilih SATU konteks (misalnya "email"). Fokus pada 15-20 kata kerja dalam kategori ini selama 3 hari.
Langkah 2: Buat 5 kalimat TOEIC® yang realistis setiap hari menggunakan kata kerja ini. Contoh: "I have sent the report and attached the financial data."
Langkah 3: Berlatihlah pada soal Bagian 5 yang ditargetkan (4 pilihan, 10 detik per soal). Pengenalan pasif saja tidak cukup.
Langkah 4: Dalam 6 minggu, Anda akan mencakup semua konteks profesional dengan daya ingat yang tahan lama.

Peserta yang paling cepat maju memiliki satu kesamaan: mereka mengkategorikan kesalahan mereka (konteks + jenis kebingungan) alih-alih hanya mengulang latihan secara acak.

Daftar Periksa Cepat Berdasarkan Konteks Kalimat

Jenis Teks TOEIC®	Kata Kerja Tak Beraturan yang Sering Muncul	Jebakan Utama
Email/Memo	send, write, receive, find, get, let, know	Salah membedakan antara "sent" dan "send" setelah "was"
Laporan Keuangan	show, grow, rise, fall, sell, cost, meet, set	Lupa "have" sebelum "risen/grown"
Lowongan Kerja	choose, become, take, lead, give, make	Salah mencampur "chose" dan "chosen"
Perjalanan Bisnis	go, fly, leave, take, bring, meet	"Gone" vs "went" tergantung konteeks
Rapat	hold, give, speak, begin, bring, meet	Lupa "held" setelah "was"
Produksi	make, build, run, set, shut, break	Past participle setelah "been"
Kontrak	buy, sell, pay, win, sign, send	"Bought" vs "brought" (kebingungan umum)

Siap Berlatih?

Kata kerja tak beraturan berdasarkan konteks profesional mewakili strategi 3 kali lebih efektif daripada menghafal secara alfabetis.

Kesalahan klasik: menghafal daftar tanpa kaitan dengan situasi TOEIC® dan panik saat hari-H.

Di Flow Exam, Anda dapat berlatih langsung pada tema Kata Kerja Tak Beraturan di Bagian 5, dengan ribuan soal dalam format yang sama seperti pada TOEIC® resmi.

Jadi, jika Anda kesulitan dengan topik ini, Anda tidak akan pernah membuat kesalahan yang sama lagi.

Beberapa Kehebatan Platform Flow Exam:

150 tips yang benar-benar eksklusif berdasarkan pengalaman lebih dari 500 peserta yang memperoleh skor +950 di TOEIC®: jelas, konkret, teruji, dan divalidasi di lapangan.
Sistem latihan cerdas, yang menyesuaikan latihan dengan profil Anda dan melatih Anda langsung pada topik yang paling sering Anda salah. Hasilnya → peningkatan 3,46x lebih cepat dibandingkan platform tradisional.
Jalur pembelajaran yang sangat personal: latihan terfokus hanya pada soal dan topik yang membuat Anda kehilangan poin → disesuaikan secara berkelanjutan untuk beradaptasi dengan perkembangan level Anda.
Statistik khusus untuk +200 topik spesifik (kata keterangan, kata ganti, kata penghubung,…)
Mode Kondisi Nyata persis seperti Hari-H (membaca instruksi dalam Listening, pengatur waktu, dll.) → Anda dapat mengaktifkannya kapan pun Anda mau.
Kartu kilat (Flashcards) yang dibuat otomatis dari kesalahan Anda sendiri, dan dioptimalkan oleh metode J (pengulangan berjarak) untuk daya ingat yang tahan lama dan tanpa kelupaan.
Jaminan +300 poin TOEIC®. Jika tidak, uang Anda dikembalikan penuh.