直述語法與間接引述指南 – TOEIC® 準備

在英語中，我們區分兩種基本的方式來轉述他人的話語：direct speech（直述語氣）和 reported speech（間接引述）。

• Direct speech（直述語氣）會逐字逐句地重現所說的話，通常會將其放在引號內。
• Reported speech（間接引述）會重新組織傳達訊息的要點，不一定保留確切的措辭。

本指南將詳細介紹這兩種轉述技巧，闡明它們各自的特殊性，並闡述將直接引述轉換為間接引述的關鍵原則。

Direct speech（直述語氣）

在英語中，direct speech 會忠實地重現某人使用的詞語。這種形式可以立即透過引號的出現來識別。

• Sarah said, "I need to finish this report."
• He asked, "Can you help me with this task?"

Direct speech 的特殊性

• 引號的使用：引述的內容在英語中會被引號包圍："…"
• 標點符號的整合：標點符號（逗號、句號、問號等）系統性地位於引號內部。
• 疑問句結構的可能性：如果是問句，主詞和動詞的倒裝結構會被保留：「Can you help me?」
• 時態的保留：直述語氣中的動詞形式保持與最初說話時完全相同。

Reported speech（間接引述）

Reported speech（也稱為 indirect speech）允許在不逐字引用的情況下轉述訊息。這種方法以沒有引號為特點，通常涉及代名詞、動詞時態以及時間或地點標記的修改。

• Direct speech：Tom said, "I enjoy playing tennis."
• Reported speech：Tom said that he enjoyed playing tennis.

總體而言，reported speech 提供了以下可能性：

• 總結或轉述陳述的主要內容。
• 擺脫逐字逐句的引用。
• 將轉述的內容流暢地融入到敘事語境中。

下一部分將解釋如何將直述語氣的句子轉換為間接引述。

將 direct speech 轉換為 reported speech

要在英語中將直述語氣的句子轉換為間接引述，通常需要調整：

1. 說話動詞（範例：said, told, asked 等）。
2. 代名詞（I, you, we…），以反映新的敘事視角。
3. 動詞時態（backshift 現象，即時態向後推移）。
4. 時間和地點指示詞（now, today, here…）。

步驟 1：代名詞的修改

代名詞必須根據轉述陳述的人進行調整：

"I"he / she（取決於原始說話者的身份） I feel exhausted. → She said she felt exhausted. "we"theyWe require additional resources. → They said they required additional resources. "you"I / we（或 he/she/they，取決於語境） You must attend the meeting. → He told me I must attend the meeting. (或) She told them they must attend the meeting.

步驟 2：動詞時態的修改

在英語中，當過去時態轉述話語時，動詞時態通常會向後推移一格，特別是當說話動詞使用過去式（said, told…）時。以下是時態轉換的表格，通常稱為後移 (backshift)：

Present simplePast simple I work remotely. → He said he worked remotely. Present continuousPast continuous I am working on a new project. → She said she was working on a new project. Present perfectPast perfect I have completed the task. → He said he had completed the task. Past simplePast perfect I finished early. → She said she had finished early. Past continuousPast perfect continuous I was studying all night. → He said he had been studying all night. Future with willConditional with would I will attend the conference. → She said she would attend the conference. Modal: can / couldModal: could I can solve this problem. → He said he could solve this problem. Modal: may / mightModal: might I may join you later. → She said she might join us later. Modal: mustModal: had to / must I must leave now. → He said he must leave immediately.

特殊情況與例外

• 當轉述的陳述仍然有效時（普遍真理或持續發生的情況），可以保留現在時。
  • Direct：The professor said, "Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius."
  • Indirect：The professor said (that) water boils at 100 degrees Celsius.
• 當說話動詞為現在時（she says, he tells）時，動詞時態保持不變。
  • Direct："I'm planning a trip."
  • Indirect：He says he's planning a trip.
• 情態助詞 could、might、should、would 和 ought to 在reported speech 中保持不變。
  • Direct："I should prepare better."
  • Indirect：She said she should prepare better.

步驟 3：時間和地點標記的修改

在轉換為 reported speech 時，通常需要調整時間或地點的副詞和表達式：

nowthen, at that moment I'm working now. → He said he was working then. todaythat day I have a presentation today. → She said she had a presentation that day. yesterdaythe day before, the previous day I called him yesterday. → She said she had called him the day before. tomorrowthe next day, the following day I'll contact you tomorrow. → He said he would contact me the next day. last week/month/yearthe previous week/month/year I traveled to London last month. → She said she had traveled to London the previous month. next week/month/yearthe following week/month/year We'll launch the campaign next month. → They said they would launch the campaign the following month. herethere I'm waiting here. → He said he was waiting there. thisthat I need this document. → She said she needed that document. thesethose I reviewed these files. → He said he had reviewed those files. agobefore I met her three months ago. → She said she had met her three months before.

Reporting verbs（說話動詞）

一般來說，在構建直述語氣或間接引述時，我們使用說話動詞「say」。

然而，下表介紹了其他各種動詞。我們還指出了句法結構，因為有些動詞後面跟著不定詞，有些跟著動名詞……

to tell 受詞 + 不定詞 She told him to submit the report. to ask 受詞 + 不定詞 He asked me to review the document. to advise 受詞 + 不定詞 The consultant advised us to invest wisely. to warn 受詞 + 不定詞 She warned them not to miss the deadline. to suggest 動名詞 (-ing form) He suggested postponing the meeting. to explain "that" + 子句 She explained that the system was down. to say "that" + 子句 He said that he needed more time. to recommend 動名詞 (-ing form) They recommended hiring additional staff. to insist 動名詞 (-ing form) 或 "that" She insisted on attending the conference.She insisted that we reconsider the decision. to agree 不定詞 He agreed to extend the contract. to promise 不定詞 She promised to deliver on time. to refuse 不定詞 He refused to compromise on quality. to apologize 介系詞 + 動名詞 (for + -ing) He apologized for interrupting the presentation. to admit 動名詞 (-ing form) 或 "that" She admitted making an error.She admitted that she had overlooked the details. to deny 動名詞 (-ing form) 或 "that" He denied leaking the information.He denied that he had shared confidential data. to encourage 受詞 + 不定詞 They encouraged her to pursue the opportunity. to forbid 受詞 + 不定詞 The manager forbade employees to share passwords.

say 和 tell 的區別

掌握這兩個說話動詞之間的關鍵區別非常重要：

• say 通常直接跟著轉述的內容或 "that"。
  • He said (that) he was busy.
• tell 在 "that" 或不定詞之前，必須帶有受詞（me, you, him, her…）。
  • He told me (that) he was busy.

Reported speech 中的問句

Yes/No Questions（是非問句）

要將封閉式問句轉換為間接引述，我們使用 「if」 或 「whether」。

• She asked, "Do you need assistance?" → She asked if I needed assistance.

在這種情況下，主詞與動詞的倒裝結構會消失（不再有 Do you 的結構）。

Wh-Questions（疑問詞問句）

要轉述以 who, what, when, where, why, how 等開頭的開放式問句，我們保留疑問詞，但恢復標準的主詞-動詞順序。

• Where is the meeting room? → He asked me where the meeting room was.（"is" 和 "the meeting room" 恢復為陳述句的順序。）
• She asked, "When will you arrive?" → She asked when I would arrive.

Reported speech 中的祈使句

要轉述命令、請求或建議，我們通常使用 to + 不定詞，搭配 "told someone to do something" 或 "asked someone to do something" 等結構。

• 搭配 "told someone to do something"：
  • Close the window! → He told me to close the window.
• 搭配 "asked someone to do something"：
  • Please, review this document. → She asked me to review that document.

總結

Direct speech 和 reported speech 是轉述英語話語的兩種基本方法。直述語氣以引號為標誌，精確重現了原始話語。而間接引述則需要調整代名詞、動詞時態和時間標記，以準確傳達語義。

這些語法機制經常在 TOEIC® 中被測試，特別是在語法和閱讀理解部分。

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