直接引语和间接引语指南 – TOEIC® 备考

在英语中，我们区分两种报告他人言论的基本方式：direct speech（直接引语）和 reported speech（间接引语）。

• 直接引语 (Direct speech) 逐字逐句再现所说的内容，通常用引号括起来。
• 间接引语 (Reported speech) 转述所传达信息的精髓，不一定保留确切的措辞。

本指南将详细介绍这两种转述技巧，阐明它们各自的特点，并阐述将直接引语转换为转述句的基本原则。

Direct speech（直接引语）

在英语中，直接引语忠实地再现了某人所使用的词语。这种形式可以通过引号立即识别出来。

• Sarah said, "I need to finish this report."
• He asked, "Can you help me with this task?"

Direct speech 的特点

• 引号的使用：引述的言论在英语中用引号括起来："…"
• 标点符号的包含：标点符号（逗号、句号、问号等）系统地位于引号内部。
• 疑问结构的可能性：如果是问题，保持主语-动词倒装：“Can you help me?”
• 时态的保留：直接引语中的动词形式与最初说出时所用的形式保持一致。

Reported speech（间接引语）

间接引语（也称为 indirect speech）允许在不逐字引用的情况下转述信息。这种方法没有引号，通常涉及代词、动词形式以及时间或空间标记的变化。

• Direct speech : Tom said, "I enjoy playing tennis."
• Reported speech : Tom said that he enjoyed playing tennis.

一般来说，间接引语提供了总结或转述陈述主要内容的可能性：

• 总结或转述陈述的主要内容。
• 摆脱对言论的逐字引用。
• 将引述的言论流畅地融入叙事背景中。

下一节将解释如何将直接引语转换为间接引语。

将 Direct speech 转换为 Reported speech

在英语中，要将直接引语转换为间接引语，通常需要调整：

1. 谓语动词（例如：said, told, asked 等）。
2. 代词（I, you, we…），以反映新的叙述视角。
3. 动词形式（backshift 现象，即将时态向后推移一个时态）。
4. 时间或地点指示词（now, today, here…）。

步骤 1：代词的变化

必须根据转述人来调整代词：

"I"he / she（取决于初始说话者的身份） I feel exhausted. → She said she felt exhausted. "we"theyWe require additional resources. → They said they required additional resources. "you"I / we（或 he/she/they，取决于语境） You must attend the meeting. → He told me I must attend the meeting. (或) She told them they must attend the meeting.

步骤 2：动词时态的变化

在英语中，当用过去时转述言论时，动词时态通常会向后推移一个时态，特别是当谓语动词是过去时（said, told…）时。以下是时态转换的表格，通常称为 backshift：

现在时过去时 I work remotely. → He said he worked remotely. 现在进行时过去进行时 I am working on a new project. → She said she was working on a new project. 现在完成时过去完成时 I have completed the task. → He said he had completed the task. 过去时过去完成时 I finished early. → She said she had finished early. 过去进行时过去完成进行时 I was studying all night. → He said he had been studying all night. will + 动词原形would + 动词原形 I will attend the conference. → She said she would attend the conference. 情态动词: can / could情态动词: could I can solve this problem. → He said he could solve this problem. 情态动词: may / might情态动词: might I may join you later. → She said she might join us later. 情态动词: must情态动词: had to / must I must leave now. → He said he must leave immediately.

特殊情况和例外

• 当转述的陈述仍然有效时（普遍真理或情况仍然属实时），可以保留现在时。
  • Direct : The professor said, "Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius."
  • Indirect : The professor said (that) water boils at 100 degrees Celsius.
• 当谓语动词是现在时（she says, he tells）时，动词时态保持不变。
  • Direct : "I'm planning a trip."
  • Indirect : He says he's planning a trip.
• 情态动词 could, might, should, would 和 ought to 在 间接引语 中保持不变。
  • Direct : "I should prepare better."
  • Indirect : She said she should prepare better.

步骤 3：时间或地点标记的变化

在转换为间接引语时，通常需要调整时间或地点的副词和短语：

nowthen, at that moment I'm working now. → He said he was working then. todaythat day I have a presentation today. → She said she had a presentation that day. yesterdaythe day before, the previous day I called him yesterday. → She said she had called him the day before. tomorrowthe next day, the following day I'll contact you tomorrow. → He said he would contact me the next day. last week/month/yearthe previous week/month/year I traveled to London last month. → She said she had traveled to London the previous month. next week/month/yearthe following week/month/year We'll launch the campaign next month. → They said they would launch the campaign the following month. herethere I'm waiting here. → He said he was waiting there. thisthat I need this document. → She said she needed that document. thesethose I reviewed these files. → He said he had reviewed those files. agobefore I met her three months ago. → She said she had met her three months before.

Reporting verbs（谓语动词）

通常，为了构建直接引语或间接引语，我们使用谓语动词“say”。

然而，下表展示了其他各种动词。我们还指明了句法结构，因为有些动词后跟动词不定式，有些跟动名词……

to tell 宾语 + 动词不定式 She told him to submit the report. to ask 宾语 + 动词不定式 He asked me to review the document. to advise 宾语 + 动词不定式 The consultant advised us to invest wisely. to warn 宾语 + 动词不定式 She warned them not to miss the deadline. to suggest 动名词 (-ing form) He suggested postponing the meeting. to explain "that" + 从句 She explained that the system was down. to say "that" + 从句 He said that he needed more time. to recommend 动名词 (-ing form) They recommended hiring additional staff. to insist 动名词 (-ing form) 或 "that" She insisted on attending the conference.She insisted that we reconsider the decision. to agree 动词不定式 He agreed to extend the contract. to promise 动词不定式 She promised to deliver on time. to refuse 动词不定式 He refused to compromise on quality. to apologize 介词 + 动名词 (for + -ing) He apologized for interrupting the presentation. to admit 动名词 (-ing form) 或 "that" She admitted making an error.She admitted that she had overlooked the details. to deny 动名词 (-ing form) 或 "that" He denied leaking the information.He denied that he had shared confidential data. to encourage 宾语 + 动词不定式 They encouraged her to pursue the opportunity. to forbid 宾语 + 动词不定式 The manager forbade employees to share passwords.

say 和 tell 的区别

掌握这两个谓语动词之间的关键区别非常重要：

• say 通常直接后接转述内容或 "that"。
  • He said (that) he was busy.
• tell 后面总是需要一个宾语（me, you, him, her…），然后才是 "that" 或动词不定式。
  • He told me (that) he was busy.

Reported speech 中的疑问句

Yes/No Questions（是非问句）

要将封闭式疑问句转换为间接引语，我们使用 “if” 或 “whether”。

• She asked, "Do you need assistance?" → She asked if I needed assistance.

在这种情况下，主语-动词倒装会消失（不再有 Do you 结构）。

Wh-Questions（疑问词疑问句）

要转述以 who, what, when, where, why, how 等开头的开放式疑问句，我们保留疑问词，但恢复标准的主谓语顺序。

• Where is the meeting room? → He asked me where the meeting room was.（“is”和“the meeting room”恢复陈述语序。）
• She asked, "When will you arrive?" → She asked when I would arrive.

Reported speech 中的祈使句

要转述命令、请求或建议，我们通常使用 to + 动词不定式，并使用 "told someone to do something" 或 "asked someone to do something" 等结构。

• 使用 "told someone to do something"：
  • Close the window! → He told me to close the window.
• 使用 "asked someone to do something"：
  • Please, review this document. → She asked me to review that document.

总结

直接引语和间接引语是转述英语言论的两种基本方法。直接引语通过引号即可识别，准确再现了原始言论。而间接引语则需要调整代词、动词形式和时间标记，以准确传达含义。

这些语法机制经常在 TOEIC® 考试中被测试，尤其是在语法和阅读理解部分。

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