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英语限定词指南——TOEIC®备考

Flow Exam team

限定词 (quantifieurs) 是指用于表达一个(多、少、不精确、精确等)的词汇短语,这些量位于名词之前。掌握限定词在英语中至关重要,因为它们能为陈述句带来准确性或避免重复。本指南力求全面:我们将探讨所有基本限定词、它们的特性例外情况

1. 基本概念:可数名词与不可数名词

在深入了解限定词的细节之前,有必要回顾一下两者之间的区别:

  • 可数名词 (countable nouns):指可以被单独数出单位的元素(例如:car, student, chair,即“车、学生、椅子”)。
    • She owns three cars (可数)
  • 不可数名词 (uncountable nouns):指不能单独计数的元素(例如:milk, knowledge, furniture,即“牛奶、知识、家具”)。
    • We need some milk (不可数)

有些限定词只用于可数名词,有些只用于不可数名词,而另一些则两者通用

要深入了解这个主题,请查阅我们关于可数名词和不可数名词的课程。

2. 基本限定词

A. Some

“Some” 主要用于肯定句中,修饰复数可数名词不可数名词,表示某种不确定但确实存在的数量

  • She has some colleagues in Paris.(同事数量不确定,但有好几个)
  • They purchased some vegetables at the store.

提出某物或预期得到肯定回答时,我们在疑问句中也会使用 “some”

  • Would you care for some tea?(礼貌的提议,预期得到肯定回答)

B. Any

“Any” 通常出现在疑问句和否定句中。它也可以在肯定句中出现,意为“任何一个/任何的”

  • 否定句中,any 表示“没有”(零数量)。
    • She doesn't have any siblings.(零个)
  • 疑问句中,它表示“不确定的数量”
    • Do you need any assistance?(任何帮忙,数量未知)
  • 在带有“无论哪个”含义的肯定句中,它常与 “can”“may” 连用 (You can select any color.)。
    • You can choose any seat you prefer.(任何一个)

C. No

“No” 表达完全没有,可用于可数名词和不可数名词。在否定结构中,它可以代替 not … any

  • We have no opportunity to change this.(我们没有任何机会)
  • There are no seats available.(没有座位了)

D. None

“None” 作为限定词时可以单独使用(它是一个限定词代词),或者后接 of + 名词短语/代词,意为“一个也没有”、“零”

  • How many tickets remain? – None.

“None” 可以后接 of + 代词 (them, us, you)

  • None of us knew the answer.

“None” 可以后接 of + 限定词 (the, my, those…)

  • None of the participants arrived early.

3. 大量限定词

A. A lot of / Lots of

“A lot of / Lots of” 在相对口语化的语境中用来表示“很多”。它们可与可数名词或不可数名词互换使用。A lot of“Lots of” 几乎等同“Lots of” 稍微更随意一些。

  • She has a lot of responsibilities at work.(可数)
  • There is lots of coffee in the pot.(不可数)

B. Much

“Much” 主要用于不可数名词,表示大量的。它通常出现在否定句和疑问句中,而不是肯定句中(肯定句中更倾向于使用 a lot of)。

  • We don't have much experience with this.(否定句)
  • Does he have much patience?(疑问句)

正式语体或与副词连用时,much 也可以出现在肯定句中 (Much attention was given to detail.)。

  • Much consideration was devoted to this matter.(肯定句,正式语体)

C. Many

“Many” 用于复数可数名词,表示“很多”。与“much”类似,在日常用语中,“many” 主要出现在疑问句或否定句中,或者在肯定句中出现在更正式的语境中。

  • They don't have many resources available.
  • Are there many candidates for this position?
  • Many experts support this theory.(正式)

D. Plenty of

“Plenty of” 表示“充足的”、“足够且有余的”,可用于可数名词或不可数名词“Plenty of” 带有积极的含义,它强调完全可以满足需求

  • We have plenty of space for your luggage.
  • There is plenty of time before the deadline.

4. 小量限定词

A. Few / A few

  • “few” 表示极少量,几乎是不足够的,用于复数可数名词
  • He has few opportunities in this field.(说话者强调数量很少,不够用)
  • 相比之下,“a few” 表示少量,但足够、合适可观
    • He has a few opportunities in this field.(说话者认为有几样,算是积极或足够了)

B. Little / A little

  • “little” 表示“非常少”,用于不可数名词。它带有不足或消极的含义。
    • They have little patience left.(几乎没有耐心了)
  • 相比之下,“a little” 表示“一点”。它更带有积极和可接受的含义。
    • They have a little patience left, so let's continue.(还有一点耐心,足够了)

C. Enough

“enough” 用于表达足够的量不多也不少。可用于可数名词和不可数名词。它的位置可能不同:

  • 放在名词前Enough resources, enough volunteers
    • We have enough volunteers for the event.(可数)
    • There isn't enough information for a decision.(不可数)
  • 放在形容词/副词后Tall enough, quickly enough
    • He is not tall enough to reach the shelf.(形容词后)
    • She didn't work quickly enough to meet the deadline.(副词后)
  • 与动词连用
    • Did we prepare enough?

5. 比例或总量限定词

A. All

“All” 意为“全部”、“所有的量”。它根据结构可以放在名词前、代词前或动词后。我们经常使用 All (of) + 限定词 + 名词 (All the employees, All his savings) 或 All of them/us/you 的结构。

  • All the employees received a bonus.
  • I require all the documents you possess.
  • They invested all their savings.
  • All of us participated in the workshop.

B. Most

“Most” 意为“大多数”、“最大一部分”,常与 of 连用,或者用于 Most (of) the…Most individuals… 结构中(如果名词不带限定词则省略 of)。

  • Most individuals enjoy traveling.(不带限定词的名词)
  • Most of the participants at the conference agreed.(带定冠词“the”的名词)

C. Half

“Half” 意为“一半”。它可以与 of 连用或不连用,常见于“Half (of) + 名词/限定词”的结构中,有时也单独与冠词连用“a half”。

  • Half the audience left early.
  • Half of my colleagues work remotely.
  • They consumed half a loaf of bread.

D. Whole

“Whole” 用于表示一个元素或一个整体的完整性,常与限定词(the, my, this…)一起使用。它用于单数可数名词the whole project, my whole career)。其位置可能有所不同:

  • 位于限定词和名词之间The whole building, Her whole family
    • She completed the whole project in two weeks.
    • He dedicated his whole career to research.
  • 有时作为代词与 "of" 搭配Whole of the organization (较正式用法)。
    • The whole of the department supports this initiative.
  • 不能与不带限定词的不可数名词连用✗ Whole coffee,但 ✓ The whole cup of coffee)。

“whole” 和 “all” 有什么区别?

  • All 用于复数名词不可数名词 (All the documents, All the water)。
    • She reviewed all the documents in the folder.(所有的文件)
  • Whole 用于单数名词 (The whole document)。
    • She reviewed the whole document carefully.(一个完整的文件)

6. 分配限定词:Each, Every, Either, Neither

A. Each

“Each” 用于指代一个群体中的所有元素,但是单独地。它后面常接:

  • 要么是单数可数名词
    • Each employee receives training.
  • 要么是 of + 限定词/代词
    • Each of the candidates was interviewed.(each of 后面,动词通常用单数形式)
  • 要么是第三人称单数动词(因为 each + 单数名词)。
    • Each participant receives a certificate.

B. Every

“Every”“each” 相似,但“every”更侧重于将群体视为一个整体,强调整体性。它只用于单数可数名词

  • Every employee deserves respect.
  • Every building in this area looks identical.

“every” 和 “each” 的区别:

  • “every” 涵盖整个群体,不聚焦于个体。
  • “each” 强调每个单独的成员。

C. Either

“Either” 意为“两者中的任何一个”(两者中选一个),通常与单数名词连用(因为是“一个或另一个”)。它有两种用法:

  • Either + 单数名词
    • You can select either route.(这条路或那条路)
  • Either of + 限定词 + 名词复数/代词(此时动词可用单数或复数,但单数更传统)。
    • Either of these two proposals is acceptable.(动词常用单数)

D. Neither

“Neither” 意为“两个都不是”,有两种用法:

  • Neither + 单数名词
    • Neither solution is satisfactory.
  • Neither of + 限定词 + 名词
    • Neither of the candidates wants the position.

7. “若干”、“各种”限定词

A. Several

“Several” 意为“好几个”(数量多于两个或三个)。它用于复数可数名词

  • She proposed several strategies to address the issue.
  • They explored several cities during their trip.

B. Various

“Various” 意为“各种各样的”、“数个”。用于 Various + 复数名词 结构(因为它表示元素的多种多样性)。

  • He has various hobbies, including photography and cooking.
  • We examined various approaches to solve this problem.

8. 数词限定词

一、二、三……:它们有时被视为限定词,因为它们明确了数量。有时它们也用于更复杂的表达,如 dozens of, hundreds of, thousands of(表示大致的大量)。

  • She has four children.
  • They need to purchase five new computers.

9. 数量比较:fewer/less, more

A. More

“More” 用于比较两个数量或表示“更多”。可用于可数或不可数名词

  • We require more participants for the study.
  • She needs more flexibility in her schedule.

B. Fewer / Less

“Fewer”“less” 用于表示“更少”,但两者之间存在区别:

  • Fewer 用于可数名词(复数)。
  • Less 用于不可数名词

然而,在口语中,用 less 代替 fewer 来修饰可数名词的现象并不少见,但在正式场合中,这被认为不太恰当。

  • We received fewer applications this semester.(复数可数名词)
  • We have less flexibility than anticipated.(不可数名词)

10. 与代词结合的限定词

限定词通常会与人称代词或指示代词结合,结构如下:

  • 限定词 + of + 代词
    • All of us / Most of us / Some of us / Both of us
    • Many of them / A few of them / Several of them
  • 限定词 + of + 限定词 + 名词
    • Each of the employees / Some of the employees / All of the employees

11. 其他量词短语和表达

A. A great deal of / A large amount of

“A great deal of”“A large amount of” 用于正式语体中,表示大量的,修饰不可数名词

  • They invested a great deal of effort into this research.
  • The company lost a large amount of revenue.

B. A (great) number of

“A great number of” 用于表示“大量的”,修饰可数名词,通常用于比较正式的语境中。

  • A number of employees are on vacation today.
  • A great number of visitors attended the exhibition.(更强调)

C. A couple of

“A couple of” 意为“几个”,通常理解为“两三个”(少量)。

  • We remained there for a couple of weeks.
  • I require a couple of assistants.

D. Dozens of / Hundreds of / Thousands of

“Dozens of”“hundreds of”“thousands of” 用于表示大致的巨大数量

  • She answered dozens of phone calls this afternoon.
  • He owns hundreds of vinyl records in his collection.
  • They raised thousands of euros for the cause.

E. The majority of / The minority of

“The majority of” / “The minority of” 用于正式语体,表示“绝大多数/极少数”

  • The majority of employees supported the new policy.
  • The minority of shareholders opposed the merger.

12. 关注某些限定词后的动词一致性

  • “each” - “every” - “either” - “neither” 之后,动词通常使用单数形式。
    • Each manager has specific responsibilities.
    • Every morning brings new challenges.
    • Neither proposal is viable.
    • Either candidate is qualified.
  • 限定词 “all” - “most” - “some” - “a lot of” - “plenty of” - “none” 的动词形式:
    • 后接复数可数名词 → 动词用复数
      • All the employees are present
    • 后接单数不可数名词 → 动词用单数
      • Most of the equipment is outdated
    • 后接代词 → 如果该代词指的是复数,则动词用复数
      • All of them need to attend

13. 重要的特殊情况和细微差别

  1. 肯定句中 Some 与 Any 的用法
    • Some 用于表示“某一数量”“一些人/物”
    • Any 用于表示“任何一个”
  2. 双重否定句的用法
    • 在标准英语中,应避免说 “I don't have no time。应选择:
      • I don't have any time.
      • I have no time.
  3. None + 动词
    • None 后面可以跟单数或复数动词。更传统的规则倾向于单数,尤其是当 none 被理解为“一个都没有”时。然而,现代用法也接受复数,特别是当 none 被视为“众多中的任何一个都无”时。
    • None of the documents has been reviewed yet.(传统用法)
    • None of the documents have been reviewed yet.(接受的普遍用法)
  4. Fewer vs Less
    • Fewer 用于可数名词(复数),less 用于不可数名词
    • 在口语中,许多说话者会混淆。但是,对于正式文本,应遵守规则。
  5. Each / Every
    • Every 从不直接跟在 of 后面接名词(与 each of 不同)。
    • “Every of my colleagues” 不存在 → 应说 Every one of my colleaguesEach of my colleagues
  6. Most / Most of
    • Most individuals prefer…(不带限定词的名词)
    • Most of the individuals I know…(带限定词时)
  7. 动词一致性a lot of, plenty of… 等表达方式:取决于后面的名词
    • A lot of documents are in the archive.
    • A lot of patience is required.

结论

英语中的限定词能够表达完整的量程,从完全没有到非常丰富,以及非常精确的细微差别(很少、一点、一些、大多数等)。它们的使用取决于名词是可数还是不可数,取决于语体(正式或口语),以及你想要传达的确切细微差别。

TOEIC®阅读理解题目经常测试在完形填空句中选择适当限定词的能力,这时 few / a fewlittle / a little,以及 much / many 之间的区别就变得至关重要。在听力部分,理解限定词的细微差别有助于掌握在商务对话公告电子邮件中的重要信息。

以下是我们所学所有限定词的总结表:

量词名词类型用法Examples
Some可数复数, 不可数肯定句中的不定数量She has some experience.
Any可数复数, 不可数疑问句和否定句中的不定数量Do you have any concerns?
No可数复数, 不可数完全没有某物We have no solution.
None可数复数, 不可数完全没有,单独使用或与 of 连用None of us knew.
A lot of / Lots of可数复数, 不可数大量的,非正式用法There are a lot of opportunities.
Much不可数大量的,正式用法,常用于否定或疑问句She doesn't have much patience.
Many可数复数大量的,主要用于疑问句或否定句Are there many applicants?
Plenty of可数复数, 不可数充足的量We have plenty of resources.
Few可数复数很少,不足够He has few options (presque aucune).
A few可数复数一些,足够He has a few options (quelques-unes).
Little不可数很少,不足够They have little hope (presque aucun).
A little不可数一点点,足够They have a little hope (un peu).
Enough可数复数, 不可数足够的量We have enough resources. / He isn't experienced enough.
All可数复数, 不可数全部,整体All the participants agreed.
Whole可数单数一个事物或概念的整体She read the whole report. / My whole career has been rewarding.
Most可数复数, 不可数大多数,与 of 连用Most of the team agrees.
Half可数复数, 不可数一半,与 of 连用Half of the group is absent.
Each可数单数单独地,一个接一个地Each employee has a desk.
Every可数单数群体中的所有成员Every student needs support.
Either可数单数两者中任意一个Either choice is acceptable.
Neither可数单数两者都不是Neither solution is perfect.
Several可数复数好几个,但不是很多Several candidates are qualified.
Various可数复数各种各样的Various methods exist.
More可数复数, 不可数比较级,更多的某物We need more resources.
Fewer可数复数比较级,更少的(可数)Fewer candidates applied this year.
Less不可数比较级,更少的(不可数)There is less water in this container.
A number of可数复数许多(正式)A number of employees resigned.
A great deal of不可数大量的(正式)A great deal of research was conducted.
A large amount of不可数大量的(正式)A large amount of data was collected.
A couple of可数复数少量,大约2或3I need a couple of minutes.
Dozens of可数复数大量的近似数Dozens of emails arrived.
Hundreds of可数复数大量的近似数Hundreds of participants registered.
Thousands of可数复数大量的近似数Thousands of customers visit daily.
The majority of可数复数群体中的大多数The majority of clients approved.
The minority of可数复数群体中的少数The minority of staff objected.

其他课程

以下是TOEIC® 的其他语法课程:

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