英语限定词指南——TOEIC®备考
Flow Exam team
限定词 (quantifieurs) 是指用于表达一个量(多、少、不精确、精确等)的词汇或短语,这些量位于名词之前。掌握限定词在英语中至关重要,因为它们能为陈述句带来准确性或避免重复。本指南力求全面:我们将探讨所有基本限定词、它们的特性和例外情况。
1. 基本概念:可数名词与不可数名词
在深入了解限定词的细节之前,有必要回顾一下两者之间的区别:
- 可数名词 (countable nouns):指可以被单独数出单位的元素(例如:car, student, chair,即“车、学生、椅子”)。
- She owns three cars (可数)。
- 不可数名词 (uncountable nouns):指不能单独计数的元素(例如:milk, knowledge, furniture,即“牛奶、知识、家具”)。
- We need some milk (不可数)。
有些限定词只用于可数名词,有些只用于不可数名词,而另一些则两者通用。
要深入了解这个主题,请查阅我们关于可数名词和不可数名词的课程。
2. 基本限定词
A. Some
“Some” 主要用于肯定句中,修饰复数可数名词或不可数名词,表示某种不确定但确实存在的数量。
- She has some colleagues in Paris.(同事数量不确定,但有好几个)
- They purchased some vegetables at the store.
当提出某物或预期得到肯定回答时,我们在疑问句中也会使用 “some”。
- Would you care for some tea?(礼貌的提议,预期得到肯定回答)
B. Any
“Any” 通常出现在疑问句和否定句中。它也可以在肯定句中出现,意为“任何一个/任何的”。
- 在否定句中,any 表示“没有”(零数量)。
- She doesn't have any siblings.(零个)
- 在疑问句中,它表示“不确定的数量”。
- Do you need any assistance?(任何帮忙,数量未知)
- 在带有“无论哪个”含义的肯定句中,它常与 “can” 或 “may” 连用 (You can select any color.)。
- You can choose any seat you prefer.(任何一个)
C. No
“No” 表达完全没有,可用于可数名词和不可数名词。在否定结构中,它可以代替 not … any。
- We have no opportunity to change this.(我们没有任何机会)
- There are no seats available.(没有座位了)
D. None
“None” 作为限定词时可以单独使用(它是一个限定词代词),或者后接 of + 名词短语/代词,意为“一个也没有”、“零”。
- How many tickets remain? – None.
“None” 可以后接 of + 代词 (them, us, you)
- None of us knew the answer.
“None” 可以后接 of + 限定词 (the, my, those…)
- None of the participants arrived early.
3. 大量限定词
A. A lot of / Lots of
“A lot of / Lots of” 在相对口语化的语境中用来表示“很多”。它们可与可数名词或不可数名词互换使用。“A lot of” 和 “Lots of” 几乎等同,“Lots of” 稍微更随意一些。
- She has a lot of responsibilities at work.(可数)
- There is lots of coffee in the pot.(不可数)
B. Much
“Much” 主要用于不可数名词,表示大量的。它通常出现在否定句和疑问句中,而不是肯定句中(肯定句中更倾向于使用 a lot of)。
- We don't have much experience with this.(否定句)
- Does he have much patience?(疑问句)
在正式语体或与副词连用时,much 也可以出现在肯定句中 (Much attention was given to detail.)。
- Much consideration was devoted to this matter.(肯定句,正式语体)
C. Many
“Many” 用于复数可数名词,表示“很多”。与“much”类似,在日常用语中,“many” 主要出现在疑问句或否定句中,或者在肯定句中出现在更正式的语境中。
- They don't have many resources available.
- Are there many candidates for this position?
- Many experts support this theory.(正式)
D. Plenty of
“Plenty of” 表示“充足的”、“足够且有余的”,可用于可数名词或不可数名词。“Plenty of” 带有积极的含义,它强调完全可以满足需求。
- We have plenty of space for your luggage.
- There is plenty of time before the deadline.
4. 小量限定词
A. Few / A few
- “few” 表示极少量,几乎是不足够的,用于复数可数名词。
- He has few opportunities in this field.(说话者强调数量很少,不够用)
- 相比之下,“a few” 表示少量,但足够、合适或可观。
- He has a few opportunities in this field.(说话者认为有几样,算是积极或足够了)
B. Little / A little
- “little” 表示“非常少”,用于不可数名词。它带有不足或消极的含义。
- They have little patience left.(几乎没有耐心了)
- 相比之下,“a little” 表示“一点”。它更带有积极和可接受的含义。
- They have a little patience left, so let's continue.(还有一点耐心,足够了)
C. Enough
“enough” 用于表达足够的量,不多也不少。可用于可数名词和不可数名词。它的位置可能不同:
- 放在名词前 → Enough resources, enough volunteers
- We have enough volunteers for the event.(可数)
- There isn't enough information for a decision.(不可数)
- 放在形容词/副词后 → Tall enough, quickly enough
- He is not tall enough to reach the shelf.(形容词后)
- She didn't work quickly enough to meet the deadline.(副词后)
- 与动词连用
- Did we prepare enough?
5. 比例或总量限定词
A. All
“All” 意为“全部”、“所有的量”。它根据结构可以放在名词前、代词前或动词后。我们经常使用 All (of) + 限定词 + 名词 (All the employees, All his savings) 或 All of them/us/you 的结构。
- All the employees received a bonus.
- I require all the documents you possess.
- They invested all their savings.
- All of us participated in the workshop.
B. Most
“Most” 意为“大多数”、“最大一部分”,常与 of 连用,或者用于 Most (of) the… 或 Most individuals… 结构中(如果名词不带限定词则省略 of)。
- Most individuals enjoy traveling.(不带限定词的名词)
- Most of the participants at the conference agreed.(带定冠词“the”的名词)
C. Half
“Half” 意为“一半”。它可以与 of 连用或不连用,常见于“Half (of) + 名词/限定词”的结构中,有时也单独与冠词连用“a half”。
- Half the audience left early.
- Half of my colleagues work remotely.
- They consumed half a loaf of bread.
D. Whole
“Whole” 用于表示一个元素或一个整体的完整性,常与限定词(the, my, this…)一起使用。它只用于单数可数名词(the whole project, my whole career)。其位置可能有所不同:
- 位于限定词和名词之间 → The whole building, Her whole family
- She completed the whole project in two weeks.
- He dedicated his whole career to research.
- 有时作为代词与 "of" 搭配 → Whole of the organization (较正式用法)。
- The whole of the department supports this initiative.
- 不能与不带限定词的不可数名词连用(✗ Whole coffee,但 ✓ The whole cup of coffee)。
“whole” 和 “all” 有什么区别?
- All 用于复数名词和不可数名词 (All the documents, All the water)。
- She reviewed all the documents in the folder.(所有的文件)
- Whole 用于单数名词 (The whole document)。
- She reviewed the whole document carefully.(一个完整的文件)
6. 分配限定词:Each, Every, Either, Neither
A. Each
“Each” 用于指代一个群体中的所有元素,但是单独地。它后面常接:
- 要么是单数可数名词
- Each employee receives training.
- 要么是 of + 限定词/代词。
- Each of the candidates was interviewed.(each of 后面,动词通常用单数形式)
- 要么是第三人称单数动词(因为 each + 单数名词)。
- Each participant receives a certificate.
B. Every
“Every” 与 “each” 相似,但“every”更侧重于将群体视为一个整体,强调整体性。它只用于单数可数名词。
- Every employee deserves respect.
- Every building in this area looks identical.
“every” 和 “each” 的区别:
- “every” 涵盖整个群体,不聚焦于个体。
- “each” 强调每个单独的成员。
C. Either
“Either” 意为“两者中的任何一个”(两者中选一个),通常与单数名词连用(因为是“一个或另一个”)。它有两种用法:
- Either + 单数名词
- You can select either route.(这条路或那条路)
- Either of + 限定词 + 名词复数/代词(此时动词可用单数或复数,但单数更传统)。
- Either of these two proposals is acceptable.(动词常用单数)
D. Neither
“Neither” 意为“两个都不是”,有两种用法:
- Neither + 单数名词
- Neither solution is satisfactory.
- Neither of + 限定词 + 名词
- Neither of the candidates wants the position.
7. “若干”、“各种”限定词
A. Several
“Several” 意为“好几个”(数量多于两个或三个)。它用于复数可数名词。
- She proposed several strategies to address the issue.
- They explored several cities during their trip.
B. Various
“Various” 意为“各种各样的”、“数个”。用于 Various + 复数名词 结构(因为它表示元素的多种多样性)。
- He has various hobbies, including photography and cooking.
- We examined various approaches to solve this problem.
8. 数词限定词
一、二、三……:它们有时被视为限定词,因为它们明确了数量。有时它们也用于更复杂的表达,如 dozens of, hundreds of, thousands of(表示大致的大量)。
- She has four children.
- They need to purchase five new computers.
9. 数量比较:fewer/less, more
A. More
“More” 用于比较两个数量或表示“更多”。可用于可数或不可数名词。
- We require more participants for the study.
- She needs more flexibility in her schedule.
B. Fewer / Less
“Fewer” 和 “less” 用于表示“更少”,但两者之间存在区别:
- Fewer 用于可数名词(复数)。
- Less 用于不可数名词。
然而,在口语中,用 less 代替 fewer 来修饰可数名词的现象并不少见,但在正式场合中,这被认为不太恰当。
- We received fewer applications this semester.(复数可数名词)
- We have less flexibility than anticipated.(不可数名词)
10. 与代词结合的限定词
限定词通常会与人称代词或指示代词结合,结构如下:
- 限定词 + of + 代词
- All of us / Most of us / Some of us / Both of us
- Many of them / A few of them / Several of them
- 限定词 + of + 限定词 + 名词
- Each of the employees / Some of the employees / All of the employees
11. 其他量词短语和表达
A. A great deal of / A large amount of
“A great deal of” 和 “A large amount of” 用于正式语体中,表示大量的,修饰不可数名词。
- They invested a great deal of effort into this research.
- The company lost a large amount of revenue.
B. A (great) number of
“A great number of” 用于表示“大量的”,修饰可数名词,通常用于比较正式的语境中。
- A number of employees are on vacation today.
- A great number of visitors attended the exhibition.(更强调)
C. A couple of
“A couple of” 意为“几个”,通常理解为“两三个”(少量)。
- We remained there for a couple of weeks.
- I require a couple of assistants.
D. Dozens of / Hundreds of / Thousands of
“Dozens of”、“hundreds of” 和 “thousands of” 用于表示大致的巨大数量。
- She answered dozens of phone calls this afternoon.
- He owns hundreds of vinyl records in his collection.
- They raised thousands of euros for the cause.
E. The majority of / The minority of
“The majority of” / “The minority of” 用于正式语体,表示“绝大多数/极少数”。
- The majority of employees supported the new policy.
- The minority of shareholders opposed the merger.
12. 关注某些限定词后的动词一致性
- 在 “each” - “every” - “either” - “neither” 之后,动词通常使用单数形式。
- Each manager has specific responsibilities.
- Every morning brings new challenges.
- Neither proposal is viable.
- Either candidate is qualified.
- 限定词 “all” - “most” - “some” - “a lot of” - “plenty of” - “none” 的动词形式:
- 后接复数可数名词 → 动词用复数
- All the employees are present
- 后接单数不可数名词 → 动词用单数
- Most of the equipment is outdated
- 后接代词 → 如果该代词指的是复数,则动词用复数
- All of them need to attend
- 后接复数可数名词 → 动词用复数
13. 重要的特殊情况和细微差别
- 肯定句中 Some 与 Any 的用法
- Some 用于表示“某一数量”,“一些人/物”。
- Any 用于表示“任何一个”。
- 双重否定句的用法
- 在标准英语中,应避免说 “I don't have no time”。应选择:
- I don't have any time.
- I have no time.
- 在标准英语中,应避免说 “I don't have no time”。应选择:
- None + 动词
- None 后面可以跟单数或复数动词。更传统的规则倾向于单数,尤其是当 none 被理解为“一个都没有”时。然而,现代用法也接受复数,特别是当 none 被视为“众多中的任何一个都无”时。
- None of the documents has been reviewed yet.(传统用法)
- None of the documents have been reviewed yet.(接受的普遍用法)
- Fewer vs Less
- Fewer 用于可数名词(复数),less 用于不可数名词。
- 在口语中,许多说话者会混淆。但是,对于正式文本,应遵守规则。
- Each / Every
- Every 从不直接跟在 of 后面接名词(与 each of 不同)。
- “Every of my colleagues” 不存在 → 应说 Every one of my colleagues 或 Each of my colleagues。
- Most / Most of
- Most individuals prefer…(不带限定词的名词)
- Most of the individuals I know…(带限定词时)
- 动词一致性与 a lot of, plenty of… 等表达方式:取决于后面的名词:
- A lot of documents are in the archive.
- A lot of patience is required.
结论
英语中的限定词能够表达完整的量程,从完全没有到非常丰富,以及非常精确的细微差别(很少、一点、一些、大多数等)。它们的使用取决于名词是可数还是不可数,取决于语体(正式或口语),以及你想要传达的确切细微差别。
TOEIC® 的阅读理解题目经常测试在完形填空句中选择适当限定词的能力,这时 few / a few、little / a little,以及 much / many 之间的区别就变得至关重要。在听力部分,理解限定词的细微差别有助于掌握在商务对话、公告或电子邮件中的重要信息。
以下是我们所学所有限定词的总结表:
| 量词 | 名词类型 | 用法 | Examples |
|---|---|---|---|
| Some | 可数复数, 不可数 | 肯定句中的不定数量 | She has some experience. |
| Any | 可数复数, 不可数 | 疑问句和否定句中的不定数量 | Do you have any concerns? |
| No | 可数复数, 不可数 | 完全没有某物 | We have no solution. |
| None | 可数复数, 不可数 | 完全没有,单独使用或与 of 连用 | None of us knew. |
| A lot of / Lots of | 可数复数, 不可数 | 大量的,非正式用法 | There are a lot of opportunities. |
| Much | 不可数 | 大量的,正式用法,常用于否定或疑问句 | She doesn't have much patience. |
| Many | 可数复数 | 大量的,主要用于疑问句或否定句 | Are there many applicants? |
| Plenty of | 可数复数, 不可数 | 充足的量 | We have plenty of resources. |
| Few | 可数复数 | 很少,不足够 | He has few options (presque aucune). |
| A few | 可数复数 | 一些,足够 | He has a few options (quelques-unes). |
| Little | 不可数 | 很少,不足够 | They have little hope (presque aucun). |
| A little | 不可数 | 一点点,足够 | They have a little hope (un peu). |
| Enough | 可数复数, 不可数 | 足够的量 | We have enough resources. / He isn't experienced enough. |
| All | 可数复数, 不可数 | 全部,整体 | All the participants agreed. |
| Whole | 可数单数 | 一个事物或概念的整体 | She read the whole report. / My whole career has been rewarding. |
| Most | 可数复数, 不可数 | 大多数,与 of 连用 | Most of the team agrees. |
| Half | 可数复数, 不可数 | 一半,与 of 连用 | Half of the group is absent. |
| Each | 可数单数 | 单独地,一个接一个地 | Each employee has a desk. |
| Every | 可数单数 | 群体中的所有成员 | Every student needs support. |
| Either | 可数单数 | 两者中任意一个 | Either choice is acceptable. |
| Neither | 可数单数 | 两者都不是 | Neither solution is perfect. |
| Several | 可数复数 | 好几个,但不是很多 | Several candidates are qualified. |
| Various | 可数复数 | 各种各样的 | Various methods exist. |
| More | 可数复数, 不可数 | 比较级,更多的某物 | We need more resources. |
| Fewer | 可数复数 | 比较级,更少的(可数) | Fewer candidates applied this year. |
| Less | 不可数 | 比较级,更少的(不可数) | There is less water in this container. |
| A number of | 可数复数 | 许多(正式) | A number of employees resigned. |
| A great deal of | 不可数 | 大量的(正式) | A great deal of research was conducted. |
| A large amount of | 不可数 | 大量的(正式) | A large amount of data was collected. |
| A couple of | 可数复数 | 少量,大约2或3 | I need a couple of minutes. |
| Dozens of | 可数复数 | 大量的近似数 | Dozens of emails arrived. |
| Hundreds of | 可数复数 | 大量的近似数 | Hundreds of participants registered. |
| Thousands of | 可数复数 | 大量的近似数 | Thousands of customers visit daily. |
| The majority of | 可数复数 | 群体中的大多数 | The majority of clients approved. |
| The minority of | 可数复数 | 群体中的少数 | The minority of staff objected. |
其他课程
以下是TOEIC® 的其他语法课程:
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