flowexam.com 教师在黑板上用粉笔讲解英语疑问句结构,用于TOEIC®备考

英语疑问句结构指南 – TOEIC® 备考

Flow Exam team

在英语中,提出问题遵循严格的结构规则。与陈述句不同,助动词主语的位置会发生颠倒。我们确定四种主要类型的疑问句:

  • 封闭式疑问句 (Yes/No questions)
  • 开放式疑问句 (Wh- questions)
  • 附加疑问句 (tag questions)
  • 间接疑问句 (indirect questions)

在详细探讨这些机制之前,请记住这个基本区别

  • 有些问题只需要一个二元回答“Yes”或“No”(封闭式疑问句)
  • 其他问题则要求提供具体信息(带有 Wh- 的开放式疑问句)

1. 疑问句构建基础

A. 助动词的作用

大多数疑问结构需要一个助动词(do, does, did, have, will, can 等),它位于句首紧跟在疑问词之后

  • 助动词 "do" (一般现在时) 或 "does" (一般现在时,第三人称单数)
    • Do you enjoy reading? (你喜欢阅读吗?)
    • Does he speak Spanish? (他讲西班牙语吗?)
  • 助动词 "did" (一般过去时)
    • Did you attend the conference yesterday? (你昨天参加会议了吗?)
  • 助动词 "have/has" (现在完成时和过去完成时)
    • Have they completed the assignment? (他们完成作业了吗?)
    • Has she visited Paris before? (她以前去过巴黎吗?)
  • 助动词 "will" (一般将来时)
    • Will they join us for dinner? (他们会和我们一起吃晚饭吗?)

B. 疑问词

疑问词 (Wh- words) 用于询问特定信息地点时间原因方式身份。它们引导疑问句,并指示预期的回答类型。

以下是主要的疑问词

术语含义示例
What什么,哪个What are you reading?
What time什么时候What time does the store open?
What… like……怎么样(描述)What is the weather like today?
When何时When did you arrive?
Where哪里Where do you live?
Why为什么Why did she resign?
Who谁(主语或宾语)Who sent this email? Who did you meet?
Whom谁(宾语,正式语体)To whom should I address this letter?
Whose谁的(所有格)Whose phone is ringing?
Which哪个(有限选择)Which option seems best?
How如何How do you solve this problem?
How much多少(不可数)How much time do we have?
How many多少(可数)How many participants registered?
How long多久/多长How long will the meeting last?
How often多久一次How often do you exercise?
How far多远How far is the airport from here?
How old多大年纪How old is this building?
How about……怎么样(建议)How about trying this restaurant?
How come为什么(口语)How come you're so late?

重要说明:

  • Who 在所有语体中都常用,而 whom 则仅限于正式或书面语。
  • How 可以与许多词语组合much, many, long, often, far, old),以明确询问的方面(数量、时间、距离、频率、年龄)。

2. 封闭式疑问句 (Yes/No questions)

封闭式疑问句助动词开头,后跟主语,再后是主要动词一个显著的例外:当“be”动词作为主要动词时,不需要额外的助动词。

标准结构:

(助动词) + (主语) + (主要动词 + 补语) ?

示例:

  • Are you available this afternoon? → Yes, I am.
  • Do you speak French? → Yes, I do.
  • Did they approve the proposal? → Yes, they did.
  • Have you received my message? → Yes, I have.
  • Will she attend the seminar? → Yes, she will.

它们被称为“封闭式”,因为它们限制了可能的回答:基本上是 “yes”“no”,有时会附带一些补充说明。与产生无限可能回答开放式疑问句相反,封闭式疑问句限制了回答的范围

“be”动词的特殊性

“be”主要动词时,我们不添加 “do/does/did” 等助动词:

  • Is she your colleague? (主语“she”,动词“is”)
  • Were you at the office yesterday? (主语“you”,动词“were”)

3. 开放式疑问句 (Wh- questions)

开放式疑问句的结构与封闭式疑问句相似,但以一个疑问词 (Wh-) 开头

标准结构:

(Wh- 疑问词) + (助动词) + (主语) + (主要动词 + 补语) ?

示例:

  • What did you discuss during the meeting?
  • When will the results be published?
  • Where are they staying?
  • Why did she cancel the appointment?

Who, What 和 Which:作主语还是宾语?

疑问词 whowhatwhich 可以充当主语宾语句子结构取决于它们的语法角色。

当疑问词作主语时

在这种情况下,疑问词直接 替代了执行动作的发出者。句子保持肯定句的语序,不需要 do/does/did 助动词

示例:

  • Who sent this document? (有人发送了这份文件,但我们不知道是谁。)
  • What caused the delay? (某事导致了延误,但我们不知道是什么。)
  • Which team won the championship? (有一支队伍赢得了冠军,但不知道是哪一支。)

我们观察到没有使用助动词 "did",因为疑问词直接代表了语法主语

验证技巧: 要判断疑问词是否作主语,试着用 he/she/it 替换它。Who sent this? → He sent this. ✅ (who = 主语)What broke? → It broke. ✅ (what = 主语)

当疑问词作宾语时

在这种情况下,疑问词指代 承受动作的人或事物。然后我们需要添加一个助动词 (do/does/did) 以遵循标准的疑问句语序。

示例:

  • Who did you invite? (你邀请了某人,但不知道是谁。)
  • What does she recommend? (她推荐了某物,但不知道是什么。)
  • Which solution did they select? (他们选择了一个解决方案,但不知道是哪个。)

4. 附加疑问句 (Tag questions)

附加疑问句 (tag questions) 用于请求确认核实对方的同意。这些简短的疑问短语位于句末

主要目的获得肯定表示赞同 (Yes, I am. / No, I'm not. 等)。

示例:

  • She's joining us tonight, isn't she?
  • They haven't submitted the report yet, have they?
  • You can handle this task, can't you?
  • We've met before, haven't we?

构建附加疑问句,我们需要使用助动词be动词将其与主语进行倒装。如果主句是肯定的,则附加疑问句是否定的;如果主句是否定的,则附加疑问句是肯定的

规则:

  • 肯定陈述 → 否定附加疑问句
    • You work here, don't you?
  • 否定陈述 → 肯定附加疑问句
    • You don't work here, do you?

5. 间接疑问句 (Indirect questions)

间接疑问句常用于缓和请求或以更礼貌的方式提出问题。它们通常出现在引导短语之后,如 Could you tell me…, Do you know…, I wonder…, I'd like to know… 等。

直接疑问句不同,间接疑问句不使用助动词与主语倒装从句中不使用 问号疑问词 (Wh-) 仍然存在,但结构遵循陈述句的语序

标准结构:

引导表达 + (疑问词) + (主语) + (动词) + (补语) ?

转化示例:

  • 直接疑问句: Where is the nearest subway station?间接疑问句: Could you tell me where the nearest subway station is?
  • 直接疑问句: When does the training session begin?间接疑问句: Do you know when the training session begins?
  • 直接疑问句: Why did he decline the offer?间接疑问句: I wonder why he declined the offer.
关键点: 在间接疑问句中,动词采用陈述句的语序。例如,在 Could you tell me where the station is? 中,我们看到 "is" 紧跟在 "station" 之后(主语 + 动词),没有倒装。

结论

本章是成功通过 TOEIC®重要基石,因为它有助于正确理解和分析 Listening Part 2Reading Parts 5 & 6 中的Wh- 问题。此外,它还有助于分析 Reading Part 7 中的句子结构,以便快速识别关键信息。

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