英语疑问句结构指南 – TOEIC® 备考
Flow Exam team
在英语中,提出问题遵循严格的结构规则。与陈述句不同,助动词和主语的位置会发生颠倒。我们确定四种主要类型的疑问句:
- 封闭式疑问句 (Yes/No questions)
- 开放式疑问句 (Wh- questions)
- 附加疑问句 (tag questions)
- 间接疑问句 (indirect questions)
在详细探讨这些机制之前,请记住这个基本区别:
- 有些问题只需要一个二元回答“Yes”或“No”(封闭式疑问句)
- 其他问题则要求提供具体信息(带有 Wh- 的开放式疑问句)
1. 疑问句构建基础
A. 助动词的作用
大多数疑问结构需要一个助动词(do, does, did, have, will, can 等),它位于句首或紧跟在疑问词之后。
- 助动词 "do" (一般现在时) 或 "does" (一般现在时,第三人称单数)
- Do you enjoy reading? (你喜欢阅读吗?)
- Does he speak Spanish? (他讲西班牙语吗?)
- 助动词 "did" (一般过去时)
- Did you attend the conference yesterday? (你昨天参加会议了吗?)
- 助动词 "have/has" (现在完成时和过去完成时)
- Have they completed the assignment? (他们完成作业了吗?)
- Has she visited Paris before? (她以前去过巴黎吗?)
- 助动词 "will" (一般将来时)
- Will they join us for dinner? (他们会和我们一起吃晚饭吗?)
B. 疑问词
疑问词 (Wh- words) 用于询问特定信息:地点、时间、原因、方式或身份。它们引导疑问句,并指示预期的回答类型。
以下是主要的疑问词:
| 术语 | 含义 | 示例 |
|---|---|---|
| What | 什么,哪个 | What are you reading? |
| What time | 什么时候 | What time does the store open? |
| What… like | ……怎么样(描述) | What is the weather like today? |
| When | 何时 | When did you arrive? |
| Where | 哪里 | Where do you live? |
| Why | 为什么 | Why did she resign? |
| Who | 谁(主语或宾语) | Who sent this email? Who did you meet? |
| Whom | 谁(宾语,正式语体) | To whom should I address this letter? |
| Whose | 谁的(所有格) | Whose phone is ringing? |
| Which | 哪个(有限选择) | Which option seems best? |
| How | 如何 | How do you solve this problem? |
| How much | 多少(不可数) | How much time do we have? |
| How many | 多少(可数) | How many participants registered? |
| How long | 多久/多长 | How long will the meeting last? |
| How often | 多久一次 | How often do you exercise? |
| How far | 多远 | How far is the airport from here? |
| How old | 多大年纪 | How old is this building? |
| How about | ……怎么样(建议) | How about trying this restaurant? |
| How come | 为什么(口语) | How come you're so late? |
重要说明:
- Who 在所有语体中都常用,而 whom 则仅限于正式或书面语。
- How 可以与许多词语组合(much, many, long, often, far, old),以明确询问的方面(数量、时间、距离、频率、年龄)。
2. 封闭式疑问句 (Yes/No questions)
封闭式疑问句以助动词开头,后跟主语,再后是主要动词。一个显著的例外:当“be”动词作为主要动词时,不需要额外的助动词。
标准结构:
(助动词) + (主语) + (主要动词 + 补语) ?
示例:
- Are you available this afternoon? → Yes, I am.
- Do you speak French? → Yes, I do.
- Did they approve the proposal? → Yes, they did.
- Have you received my message? → Yes, I have.
- Will she attend the seminar? → Yes, she will.
它们被称为“封闭式”,因为它们限制了可能的回答:基本上是 “yes” 或 “no”,有时会附带一些补充说明。与产生无限可能回答的开放式疑问句相反,封闭式疑问句限制了回答的范围。
“be”动词的特殊性
当“be”是主要动词时,我们不添加 “do/does/did” 等助动词:
- Is she your colleague? (主语“she”,动词“is”)
- Were you at the office yesterday? (主语“you”,动词“were”)
3. 开放式疑问句 (Wh- questions)
开放式疑问句的结构与封闭式疑问句相似,但以一个疑问词 (Wh-) 开头。
标准结构:
(Wh- 疑问词) + (助动词) + (主语) + (主要动词 + 补语) ?
示例:
- What did you discuss during the meeting?
- When will the results be published?
- Where are they staying?
- Why did she cancel the appointment?
Who, What 和 Which:作主语还是宾语?
疑问词 who、what 和 which 可以充当主语或宾语。句子结构取决于它们的语法角色。
当疑问词作主语时
在这种情况下,疑问词直接 替代了执行动作的发出者。句子保持肯定句的语序,不需要 do/does/did 助动词。
示例:
- Who sent this document? (有人发送了这份文件,但我们不知道是谁。)
- What caused the delay? (某事导致了延误,但我们不知道是什么。)
- Which team won the championship? (有一支队伍赢得了冠军,但不知道是哪一支。)
我们观察到没有使用助动词 "did",因为疑问词直接代表了语法主语。
验证技巧: 要判断疑问词是否作主语,试着用 he/she/it 替换它。Who sent this? → He sent this. ✅ (who = 主语)What broke? → It broke. ✅ (what = 主语)
当疑问词作宾语时
在这种情况下,疑问词指代 承受动作的人或事物。然后我们需要添加一个助动词 (do/does/did) 以遵循标准的疑问句语序。
示例:
- Who did you invite? (你邀请了某人,但不知道是谁。)
- What does she recommend? (她推荐了某物,但不知道是什么。)
- Which solution did they select? (他们选择了一个解决方案,但不知道是哪个。)
4. 附加疑问句 (Tag questions)
附加疑问句 (tag questions) 用于请求确认或核实对方的同意。这些简短的疑问短语位于句末。
主要目的是获得肯定或表示赞同 (Yes, I am. / No, I'm not. 等)。
示例:
- She's joining us tonight, isn't she?
- They haven't submitted the report yet, have they?
- You can handle this task, can't you?
- We've met before, haven't we?
要构建附加疑问句,我们需要使用助动词或be动词并将其与主语进行倒装。如果主句是肯定的,则附加疑问句是否定的;如果主句是否定的,则附加疑问句是肯定的。
规则:
- 肯定陈述 → 否定附加疑问句
- You work here, don't you?
- 否定陈述 → 肯定附加疑问句
- You don't work here, do you?
5. 间接疑问句 (Indirect questions)
间接疑问句常用于缓和请求或以更礼貌的方式提出问题。它们通常出现在引导短语之后,如 Could you tell me…, Do you know…, I wonder…, I'd like to know… 等。
与直接疑问句不同,间接疑问句不使用助动词与主语倒装。从句中不使用 问号。疑问词 (Wh-) 仍然存在,但结构遵循陈述句的语序。
标准结构:
引导表达 + (疑问词) + (主语) + (动词) + (补语) ?
转化示例:
- 直接疑问句: Where is the nearest subway station?间接疑问句: Could you tell me where the nearest subway station is?
- 直接疑问句: When does the training session begin?间接疑问句: Do you know when the training session begins?
- 直接疑问句: Why did he decline the offer?间接疑问句: I wonder why he declined the offer.
关键点: 在间接疑问句中,动词采用陈述句的语序。例如,在 Could you tell me where the station is? 中,我们看到 "is" 紧跟在 "station" 之后(主语 + 动词),没有倒装。
结论
本章是成功通过 TOEIC® 的重要基石,因为它有助于正确理解和分析 Listening Part 2 和 Reading Parts 5 & 6 中的Wh- 问题。此外,它还有助于分析 Reading Part 7 中的句子结构,以便快速识别关键信息。
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