可数名词和不可数名词指南 – TOEIC® 备考
Flow Exam team
在英语中,所有名词根据其是否可以被量化,被划分为两大类:countable nouns(可数名词)和 uncountable nouns(不可数名词)。
掌握这一基本区别对于 TOEIC® 至关重要,因为它决定了限定词、量词的选择以及句子的语法结构。
1. 可数名词 (countable nouns)
可数名词指的是可以逐一清点的独立实体。以下是它们的主要特征:
- 它们接受数字量化:one book, two chairs, three students(一本书,两把椅子,三个学生)。
- 它们有单数和复数形式。
- 在单数时,它们可以用不定冠词(a / an)引导。
- 它们与 many, a few, several 等量词连用以表达数量。
book (书) books (书) chair (椅子) chairs (椅子) dog (狗) dogs (狗) teacher (老师) teachers (老师们)
情境示例:
- She has a laptop. - She has two laptops. (她有一台笔记本电脑。- 她有两台笔记本电脑。)
- He ordered five coffees for the team. (他为团队点了五杯咖啡。)
- There are several candidates waiting in the lobby. (有几位候选人在大厅等候。)
2. 不可数名词 (uncountable nouns)
不可数名词指的是物质、抽象概念或整体,无法按单位计算。它们的主要特征如下:
- 它们不能被直接量化
- 我们不能说 "three furnitures" 或 "two informations"
- 它们没有复数形式(从不以 -s 结尾)
- 它们从不被不定冠词 (a / an) 修饰。
- 它们通常与 some, much, a lot of, a little 等量词连用。
- 要量化它们,我们需要使用计量单位或容器(a glass of water, a piece of advice)。
不可数名词的主要类别:
液体和饮料water (水), tea (茶), oil (油) 物质和材料rice (米饭), flour (面粉), metal (金属) 抽象概念knowledge (知识), courage (勇气), patience (耐心) 语言Spanish (西班牙语), Chinese (中文) 交流和信息information (信息), advice (建议), feedback (反馈) 自然元素air (空气), sunshine (阳光), snow (雪) 活动和领域research (研究), homework (家庭作业), travel (旅行) 病症diabetes (糖尿病), measles (麻疹) 运动和游戏basketball (篮球), poker (扑克) 情感状态joy (喜悦), confusion (困惑), pride (骄傲) 大小和度量electricity (电), space (空间), distance (距离) 集合体clothing (服装), machinery (机器设备), jewelry (珠宝)
情境示例:
- He received valuable advice from his mentor. (他从导师那里得到了宝贵的建议。)
- There is excessive salt in this dish. (这道菜里的盐放得太多了。)
- We need additional information before making a decision. (在做决定之前,我们需要额外的信息。)
TOEIC® 中常见不可数名词列表:
Advice Air Art Assistance Baggage Bread Business Cash Chaos Clothing Coffee Conduct Courage Damage Dancing Dust Electricity Employment Equipment Evidence Feedback Flour Food Fruit Fun Furniture Hardware Health Homework Housing Information Insurance Jewelry Knowledge Leisure Litter Luck Luggage Machinery Mail Money Music News Nonsense Paper Parking Pasta Permission Poetry Pollution Progress Proof Publicity Research Rice Safety Salt Scenery Shopping Software Space Sugar Sunshine Tea Time Traffic Transport Travel Trouble Underwear Unemployment Violence Water Weather Work
3. 如何使不可数名词可量化?
某些不可数名词与特定的计量单位或容器结合后,可以变得可量化。
milk (牛奶) a carton of milk (一盒牛奶) information (信息) a piece of information (一条信息) bread (面包) a slice of bread (一片面包) coffee (咖啡) a cup of coffee (一杯咖啡)
商务情境示例:
- Could you bring me three bottles of water for the meeting? (您能为会议带三瓶水给我吗?)
- She shared two pieces of valuable advice during the presentation. (她在演讲中分享了两个宝贵的建议。)
- I received an important piece of news this morning. (我今天早上收到了一条重要消息。)
我们也可以通过创建包含特定单位或类别的复合名词来转换不可数名词:
- luggage (行李,不可数) → a piece of luggage (一件行李)
- machinery (机器设备,不可数) → a piece of machinery (一台机器)
- research (研究,不可数) → a research project (一个研究项目)
4. 如何判断一个名词是可数还是不可数?
不存在普遍规则,但以下线索非常有效:
- 如果名词指代的是可以按单位计算的独立元素,它通常是可数的。
- document, employee, meeting(文件、雇员、会议)
- 如果名词指代的是物质、抽象概念或集体数据,它通常是不可数的。
- intelligence, equipment, feedback(智力、设备、反馈)
- 有些名词会根据使用上下文改变其类别。
- I need some paper for the printer.(我需要一些纸用于打印机。- 不可数,指材料。)
- Please read this paper carefully.(请仔细阅读这份文件。- 可数,指文件。)
- Fish is healthy.(鱼类有益健康。- 不可数,指食物。)
- There are three fish in the aquarium.(水族箱里有三条鱼。- 可数,指动物。)
5. 可数名词和不可数名词之间的细微差别
尽管 countable 和 uncountable nouns 之间的区别看起来很明确,但有几个重要细微之处值得注意。以下是针对 TOEIC® 需要记住的主要区别:
A. 根据上下文具有双重身份的名词
Time We met three times last week. (上周我们见了三次面,指次数/场合) Time is money. (时间就是金钱,指时间本身。)Work She has two works on display. (她有两个作品展出。) I have too much work today. (我今天工作太多了,指工作总量。)Space There are three spaces left in the parking. (停车场还剩三个空位。) We need more space in this office. (我们需要这个办公室多一点空间。)Wine We ordered two wines. (我们点了两种酒/两杯酒。) Wine is produced in France. (葡萄酒产自法国,指酒类。)Stone He threw three stones. (他扔了三块石头。) This sculpture is made of stone. (这座雕塑由石头制成,指材料。)Thought She had many interesting thoughts. (她有很多有趣的想法/念头。) Deep thought is required. (需要深入思考,指思考这一行为。)Fire There were two fires last night. (昨晚发生了两起火灾。) Fire is dangerous. (火是危险的,指火这一元素。)Power Several European powers signed the treaty. (几个欧洲强国签署了条约。) This device consumes too much power. (这个设备消耗的能量太多了,指能量。)Exercise Do three exercises for homework. (做三个练习作为家庭作业。) Regular exercise is beneficial. (定期锻炼是有益的,指体育活动。)Tea Two teas, please. (请来两杯茶。) Tea is grown in India. (茶产自印度,指茶叶。)Cheese They sell five different cheeses. (他们卖五种不同的奶酪。) Cheese contains calcium. (奶酪含有钙,指奶酪这一食物。)Sound I heard several strange sounds. (我听到几个奇怪的声音。) Sound travels through air. (声音通过空气传播,指声音本身。)
B. "Much" 与 "Many"
- "Many" 仅用于可数名词。
- Many employees attended the conference. (许多员工参加了会议。)
- "Much" 仅用于不可数名词。
- There isn't much time before the deadline. (截止日期前时间不多了。)
典型错误There are much chairs. (错误,“chairs”是可数名词。)
C. "Number" 与 "Amount"
- "Number" 用于修饰可数名词。
- A significant number of applicants were interviewed. (相当数量的申请人接受了面试。)
- "Amount" 用于修饰不可数名词。
- A considerable amount of money was invested. (一笔可观的资金被投入了。)
典型错误Large amount of documents. (错误,“documents”是可数名词。)
D. "Fewer" 与 "Less"
- "Fewer" 用于可数名词。
- Fewer participants registered this year. (今年注册的参与者较少。)
- "Less" 用于不可数名词。
- We need less equipment for this project. (这个项目我们需要更少的设备。)
典型错误Less employees work on Fridays. (错误,“employees”是可数名词。)
E. "Some" 与 "Any"
- "Some" 出现在陈述句中。
- I received some feedback on my report. (我收到了关于我报告的一些反馈。)
- "Any" 出现在否定句和疑问句中。
- Do you have any questions? (您有什么问题吗?)
- I don't have any experience in this field. (我对这个领域没有任何经验。)
典型错误I have any ideas. (错误,“any”在陈述句中不使用。)
F. "A lot of" 与 "Lots of" 与 "Plenty of"
- "A lot of" / "Lots of" 可用于两类名词。
- There are a lot of candidates. (可数)
- There is a lot of interest in this position. (不可数)
- "Plenty of" 意为“足够多”,也可用于两种类型。
- We have plenty of resources. (我们有充足的资源。)
- There is plenty of evidence. (有充分的证据。)
6. 可数名词和不可数名词的常见错误
- ❌ 说 "an advice" 或 "three furnitures"✅ 说 Some advice / Three pieces of furniture
- ❌ 将 "many" 用于不可数名词✅ 使用 much 代替 (There is much confusion about this rule.)
- ❌ 将不可数名词用作复数形式✅ 使用计量单位 (three cups of coffee 代替 three coffees,餐厅情境除外)。
其他资源
以下是其他语法资源,可帮助你优化 TOEIC® 备考:
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