Kata penghubung logik, juga dikenali sebagai "linking words" atau "connectors", berfungsi untuk mewujudkan kaitan antara idea dan memastikan kesepaduan teks serta pertuturan. Panduan ini mempersembahkan kategori kata hubung utama, dikelaskan mengikut fungsi komunikatifnya.
1. Kata hubung penambahan dan penyenaraian
Istilah-istilah ini membolehkan memperkenalkan elemen tambahan, meneruskan penaakulan, atau menyusun hujah mengikut perkembangan logik atau hierarki.
| Penyambung | Terjemahan | Contoh Kontekstual |
|---|
| and | et | She enjoys cooking and experimenting with new recipes. |
| also | également | He manages the team; he also trains new employees. |
| as well | aussi / également | They offer online courses as well as in-person workshops. |
| in addition | de plus / en outre | The hotel has a pool. In addition, it provides a fitness center. |
| moreover | qui plus est | The product is expensive. Moreover, it requires constant maintenance. |
| furthermore | en outre | We're behind schedule. Furthermore, the budget is insufficient. |
| besides | en outre / au demeurant | I'm not interested in that job. Besides, the salary is too low. |
| first / firstly | premièrement | First, we'll review the project objectives. |
| second / secondly | deuxièmement | Second, let's discuss the implementation strategy. |
| third / thirdly | troisièmement | Third, we must evaluate potential risks. |
| next | ensuite / puis | Next, we'll allocate tasks to each team member. |
| then | ensuite / après | Then, we can proceed to the testing phase. |
| finally | finalement / enfin | Finally, we'll present our findings to management. |
| lastly | pour finir | Lastly, I'd like to thank all participants. |
| last but not least | enfin et surtout | Last but not least, we need to consider customer feedback. |
Perkara Perhatian
- "And" merupakan kata hubung yang paling neutral untuk menggabungkan dua elemen yang serupa.
- "Besides" berfungsi sebagai preposisi bermaksud "di sebelah" (cth. "The keys are beside the door."), tetapi sebagai kata hubung, ia bermaksud "selain itu / lagi pula".
- Variasi first/firstly, second/secondly adalah setara dari segi makna, tetapi bentuk "-ly" tergolong dalam gaya bahasa yang lebih formal.
2. Kata hubung sebab dan akibat
Kata-kata ini menyatakan hubungan sebab-akibat: ia memperincikan punca sesuatu peristiwa (sebab) atau kesannya (akibat).
Menyatakan Sebab
| Kata Penyambung | Terjemahan | Contoh Kontekstual |
|---|
| because | parce que | We postponed the trip because the forecast predicted storms. |
| since | puisque / vu que | Since everyone has arrived, we can begin the presentation. |
| as | comme / étant donné que | As the deadline is approaching, we must accelerate production. |
| due to | en raison de | The delay was due to technical difficulties. |
| owing to | du fait de | Owing to unforeseen circumstances, the event has been rescheduled. |
Menyatakan Akibat
| Penyambung | Terjemahan | Contoh Kontekstual |
|---|
| so | donc / alors | The store was closed, so we went to another one. |
| therefore | par conséquent / donc | She demonstrated excellent skills; therefore, she received a promotion. |
| thus | ainsi / de ce fait | Costs have decreased; thus, profits have improved. |
| as a result | en conséquence | Demand surged. As a result, production capacity doubled. |
| consequently | par conséquent | The budget was cut. Consequently, several projects were abandoned. |
| hence | d'où / ainsi | He possessed unique expertise; hence, his recruitment by the firm. |
Perkara Perhatian
- "So" terutamanya digunakan dalam pertuturan dan konteks tidak formal.
- "Therefore", "thus", "consequently" dan "hence" tergolong dalam gaya bahasa formal dan sangat sesuai untuk tulisan akademik atau profesional.
- "Due to" dan "owing to" dibina dengan frasa nama atau gerund:
- The cancellation was due to insufficient registrations.
- Owing to missing the train, she arrived late.
3. Kata hubung syarat
| Penyambung | Terjemahan | Contoh Kontekstual |
|---|
| if | si | If you need assistance, don't hesitate to contact us. |
| unless | à moins que / sauf si | The meeting won't happen unless the director approves it. |
| provided (that) | à condition que | You may borrow my laptop provided (that) you handle it carefully. |
| providing (that) | pourvu que | We'll reach our targets providing (that) everyone contributes. |
| as long as | tant que / du moment que | You can use the facilities as long as you follow the rules. |
| on condition that | à condition que | They'll invest on condition that we present solid guarantees. |
| in case | au cas où / si jamais | Bring extra batteries in case your phone dies. |
Perkara Perhatian
- "Unless" menyatakan syarat negatif ("jika... tidak..."):
- "I won't attend unless..." = "Saya tidak akan hadir melainkan..."
- "Provided (that)" dan "providing (that)" adalah boleh ditukar ganti, walaupun "provided that" lebih kerap digunakan dalam teks formal.
4. Kata hubung pertentangan dan konsesi
Menyatakan Pertentangan
| Kata Penyambung | Terjemahan | Contoh Kontekstual |
|---|
| but | tetapi | The solution seems simple, but implementation is complex. |
| however | walau bagaimanapun / namun begitu | The weather was poor; however, attendance remained high. |
| yet | namun / walau begitu | The instructions appeared clear, yet many made mistakes. |
| nevertheless | walau bagaimanapun / meskipun begitu | Funding was limited; nevertheless, the project succeeded. |
| nonetheless | walau bagaimanapun | Reviews were mixed; nonetheless, sales exceeded expectations. |
| still | walau bagaimanapun / namun begitu | He acknowledged his error; still, he refused to apologize. |
| whereas | sedangkan / sementara | She thrives in teamwork, whereas he prefers working independently. |
| while | sementara | While some favor innovation, others prioritize stability. |
| on the other hand | sebaliknya / di pihak lain | Remote work offers flexibility; on the other hand, it can feel isolating. |
Menyatakan Konsesi
| Kata Penyambung | Terjemahan | Contoh Kontekstual |
|---|
| although | bien que / quoique | Although resources were scarce, they completed the mission. |
| even though | même si | She maintained her composure even though the situation was stressful. |
| though | bien que | Though preparation was rushed, the presentation went smoothly. |
| despite | malgré | Despite technical issues, the conference was a success. |
| in spite of | en dépit de | In spite of limited experience, he demonstrated remarkable skill. |
| even if | même si | We'll proceed even if obstacles arise. |
Perkara Perhatian
- "But" adalah kata hubung pertentangan yang paling biasa dan paling neutral.
- "Though" boleh diletakkan di akhir ayat dalam gaya bahasa santai:
- It was challenging, though.
- "Despite" dan "in spite of" dibina dengan kata nama atau gerund:
- Despite the obstacles, they persevered.
- In spite of feeling exhausted, she completed the marathon.
5. Kata hubung tujuan
| Penyambung | Terjemahan | Contoh Kontekstual |
|---|
| to | untuk / bagi | She studies diligently to secure a scholarship. |
| in order to | bagi tujuan / dengan tujuan untuk | They arrived early in order to secure good seats. |
| so as to | supaya | We documented everything so as to ensure transparency. |
| so that | supaya / agar | Speak clearly so that everyone can follow your explanation. |
| in order that | supaya | We scheduled multiple sessions in order that all staff could attend. |
Perkara Perhatian
- "To" adalah bentuk paling ringkas untuk menyatakan tujuan, biasanya diikuti oleh kata kerja dalam infinitif tanpa "to" (bentuk asas).
- "So that" dan "in order that" memperkenalkan klausa lengkap dengan subjek dan kata kerja terkonjugasi:
- I repeated the instructions so that no one would be confused.
6. Kata hubung ilustrasi dan contoh
| Penyambung | Terjemahan | Contoh Kontekstual |
|---|
| for example | par exemple | Certain industries, for example, healthcare, are experiencing rapid growth. |
| for instance | par exemple | Many platforms, for instance, LinkedIn, facilitate professional networking. |
| such as | tel que / comme | He enjoys creative hobbies such as photography and painting. |
| like | comme | She appreciates classic authors like Austen and Dickens. |
| e.g. (exempli gratia) | par exemple (abrév.) | Consider citrus fruits (e.g., lemons, grapefruits, limes). |
| specifically | spécifiquement / notamment | The program targets vulnerable populations, specifically elderly individuals. |
| to illustrate | pour illustrer | To illustrate, examine this case study from 2023. |
Perkara Perhatian
- "Such as" dan "like" memperkenalkan terus contoh konkrit tanpa tanda baca khas.
- "e.g." adalah singkatan Latin yang digemari dalam teks akademik atau teknikal, biasanya dalam kurungan.
- "For example" dan "for instance" adalah boleh ditukar ganti sepenuhnya dan digunakan untuk memperkenalkan ilustrasi.
7. Kata hubung sintesis dan kesimpulan
| Penyambung | Terjemahan | Contoh Kontekstual |
|---|
| in conclusion | en conclusion | In conclusion, both approaches present distinct advantages. |
| to sum up | pour résumer | To sum up, we require additional funding to proceed. |
| in summary | en résumé | In summary, the initiative has exceeded initial expectations. |
| all in all | tout compte fait | All in all, the collaboration proved highly productive. |
| overall | globalement / dans l'ensemble | Overall, customer satisfaction has improved significantly. |
| to conclude | pour conclure | To conclude, let's establish clear action items. |
| briefly | brièvement | Briefly, performance indicators show positive trends. |
| in short | en bref / bref | In short, we need a more agile approach. |
Perkara Perhatian
- "In conclusion" dan "to conclude" tergolong dalam gaya bahasa formal dan sesuai untuk pembentangan atau penulisan profesional.
- "All in all" dan "in short" lebih tidak formal dan kerap digunakan dalam pertuturan.
Kesimpulan
Kata hubung logik adalah alat penting untuk menyusun wacana dalam bahasa Inggeris. Ia menjamin kejelasan, kelancaran, dan kesepaduan hujah. Untuk TOEIC®, menguasai kata hubung ini adalah penting, terutamanya dalam bahagian Reading, di mana ia membantu memahami hubungan logik antara idea, serta dalam bahagian Listening, di mana ia memudahkan mengikuti aliran hujah perbualan atau syarahan.
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