Kata Kerja Tidak Sekonvensional TOEIC: peraturan, senarai dan kaedah untuk mengelakkan kesilapan
Flow Exam team
Kata kerja tak biasa tidak mengikut peraturan "-ed" untuk masa lampau.
Dalam TOEIC®, ia merangkumi 40% soalan tatabahasa dalam Bahagian 5 dan muncul dalam semua konteks profesional ujian.
Kesukaran sebenar? Mengenal pasti serta-merta bentuk mana yang perlu digunakan apabila anda membaca e-mel, laporan atau pengumuman.
Contoh: "The supplier has sent the invoice" (bukan "sended"). Menyusun kata kerja ini mengikut situasi profesional (bukan susunan abjad) membolehkan anda menghafalnya 3 kali lebih pantas.
Kata Kerja untuk Mesyuarat dan Pembentangan
Kata kerja ini kerap muncul dalam dialog Listening (Bahagian 3-4) dan e-mel/pengumuman mengenai mesyuarat (Bahagian 7).
| Asas | Masa Lampau | Kata Kerja Lepas Sempurna | Konteks TOEIC® Tipikal |
|---|---|---|---|
| hold | held | held | Hold a meeting, conference |
| lead | led | led | Lead a team, discussion |
| speak | spoke | spoken | Speak at an event |
| begin | began | begun | Begin a presentation |
| bring | brought | brought | Bring documents, materials |
| meet | met | met | Meet clients, colleagues |
| tell | told | told | Tell about results |
| give | gave | given | Give a presentation, feedback |
| show | showed | shown | Show data, slides |
| hear | heard | heard | Hear opinions, concerns |
| understand | understood | understood | Understand the proposal |
| think | thought | thought | Think about options |
| say | said | said | Say during the meeting |
| mean | meant | meant | Mean to clarify |
| come | came | come | Come to the meeting |
| sit | sat | sat | Sit in the conference room |
| stand | stood | stood | Stand to present |
| leave | left | left | Leave the meeting early |
| forget | forgot | forgotten | Forget to mention |
| spend | spent | spent | Spend time discussing |
Contoh tipikal Bahagian 7 :
- "The keynote speaker will give a presentation on market trends, and participants who come early can meet with industry experts."
Penceramah utama akan memberikan pembentangan mengenai trend pasaran, dan peserta yang datang awal boleh bertemu dengan pakar industri.
Kata Kerja untuk E-mel dan Komunikasi
Kata kerja ini mendominasi Bahagian 7 (e-mel, surat-menyurat) dan Bahagian 5 (ayat mengenai komunikasi dalaman).
| Asas | Masa Lampau | Kata Kerja Lepas Sempurna | Konteks TOEIC® Tipikal |
|---|---|---|---|
| write | wrote | written | Write emails, reports |
| send | sent | sent | Send messages, files |
| receive | received | received | Receive confirmation |
| read | read | read | Read the memo |
| reply | replied | replied | Reply to inquiries (biasa tetapi berguna) |
| forward | forwarded | forwarded | Forward information (biasa) |
| make | made | made | Make a request |
| let | let | let | Let someone know |
| tell | told | told | Tell about changes |
| know | knew | known | Know the details |
| find | found | found | Find attached |
| see | saw | seen | See below |
| hear | heard | heard | Hear from you soon |
| get | got | got/gotten | Get in touch |
| keep | kept | kept | Keep informed |
| put | put | put | Put in the subject line |
| understand | understood | understood | Understand the instructions |
| feel | felt | felt | Feel free to contact |
| think | thought | thought | Think it's important |
Jerat Bahagian 5 yang kerap berlaku :
- "Please find the updated schedule attached." (bukan "attach")
Sila dapatkan jadual yang dikemas kini dilampirkan.
Kata Kerja untuk Laporan dan Analisis
Anda akan menemuinya dalam teks analitikal (Bahagian 7) dan ayat mengenai keputusan kewangan (Bahagian 5-6).
| Asas | Masa Lampau | Kata Kerja Lepas Sempurna | Konteks TOEIC® Tipikal |
|---|---|---|---|
| show | showed | shown | Show results, trends |
| find | found | found | Find that sales increased |
| become | became | become | Become the leader |
| grow | grew | grown | Grow by 15% |
| rise | rose | risen | Rise significantly |
| fall | fell | fallen | Fall below expectations |
| go | went | gone | Go up, go down |
| cost | cost | cost | Cost less than predicted |
| lose | lost | lost | Lose market share |
| win | won | won | Win new contracts |
| sell | sold | sold | Sell more units |
| buy | bought | bought | Buy new equipment |
| spend | spent | spent | Spend on marketing |
| pay | paid | paid | Pay suppliers |
| set | set | set | Set new records |
| break | broke | broken | Break even |
| hit | hit | hit | Hit targets |
| meet | met | met | Meet goals |
| beat | beat | beaten | Beat competitors |
| cut | cut | cut | Cut costs |
| forecast | forecast | forecast | Forecast revenues |
Contoh Bahagian 6 :
- "Sales have risen by 12% this quarter, and the company has set a new record for annual revenue."
Jualan telah meningkat sebanyak 12% pada suku tahun ini, dan syarikat telah mencatatkan rekod baharu untuk hasil tahunan.
Kata Kerja untuk Sumber Manusia dan Pengambilan Pekerja
Kata kerja ini muncul dalam iklan pekerjaan, polisi HR (Bahagian 7) dan soalan mengenai kakitangan (Bahagian 5).
| Asas | Masa Lampau | Kata Kerja Lepas Sempurna | Konteks TOEIC® Tipikal |
|---|---|---|---|
| hire | hired | hired | Hire new employees (biasa) |
| choose | chose | chosen | Choose candidates |
| become | became | become | Become a manager |
| take | took | taken | Take a position |
| leave | left | left | Leave the company |
| begin | began | begun | Begin employment |
| quit | quit | quit | Quit the job |
| lead | led | led | Lead a department |
| build | built | built | Build a team |
| teach | taught | taught | Teach new skills |
| learn | learned/learnt | learned/learnt | Learn procedures |
| train | trained | trained | Train staff (biasa) |
| promote | promoted | promoted | Promote to senior role (biasa) |
| give | gave | given | Give notice |
| get | got | got/gotten | Get promoted |
| make | made | made | Make a decision |
| offer | offered | offered | Offer a contract (biasa) |
| sign | signed | signed | Sign an agreement (biasa) |
| understand | understood | understood | Understand benefits |
| know | knew | known | Know company policies |
Contoh Bahagian 7 :
- "We have chosen three finalists and will make a hiring decision by Friday."
Kami telah memilih tiga finalis dan akan membuat keputusan pengambilan pekerja menjelang Jumaat.
Kata Kerja untuk Perjalanan dan Perjalanan Perniagaan
Kekerapan dalam pengumuman perjalanan (Bahagian 7), dialog di lapangan terbang/hotel (Bahagian 3) dan nota tuntutan perbelanjaan.
| Asas | Masa Lampau | Kata Kerja Lepas Sempurna | Konteks TOEIC® Tipikal |
|---|---|---|---|
| go | went | gone | Go on a business trip |
| come | came | come | Come back from abroad |
| fly | flew | flown | Fly to the conference |
| leave | left | left | Leave for Tokyo |
| take | took | taken | Take a flight |
| drive | drove | driven | Drive to the site |
| ride | rode | ridden | Ride the shuttle |
| catch | caught | caught | Catch a train |
| miss | missed | missed | Miss a connection (biasa) |
| arrive | arrived | arrived | Arrive at the hotel (biasa) |
| depart | departed | departed | Depart on time (biasa) |
| bring | brought | brought | Bring luggage |
| forget | forgot | forgotten | Forget passport |
| lose | lost | lost | Lose baggage |
| find | found | found | Find accommodation |
| book | booked | booked | Book a room (biasa) |
| stay | stayed | stayed | Stay overnight (biasa) |
| choose | chose | chosen | Choose a hotel |
| spend | spent | spent | Spend two nights |
| meet | met | met | Meet overseas clients |
Contoh Bahagian 3 (dialog) :
- "I flew to Seoul last week and met with our partners there."
Saya telah menaiki kapal terbang ke Seoul minggu lepas dan bertemu dengan rakan kongsi kami di sana.
Kata Kerja untuk Pengeluaran dan Operasi
Anda akan lihat ini dalam teks mengenai pembuatan, logistik dan proses (Bahagian 6-7).
| Asas | Masa Lampau | Kata Kerja Lepas Sempurna | Konteks TOEIC® Tipikal |
|---|---|---|---|
| make | made | made | Make products |
| build | built | built | Build facilities |
| design | designed | designed | Design new models (biasa) |
| create | created | created | Create prototypes (biasa) |
| produce | produced | produced | Produce goods (biasa) |
| manufacture | manufactured | manufactured | Manufacture components (biasa) |
| develop | developed | developed | Develop solutions (biasa) |
| build | built | built | Build infrastructure |
| set | set | set | Set up equipment |
| run | ran | run | Run operations |
| begin | began | begun | Begin production |
| shut | shut | shut | Shut down temporarily |
| speed | sped | sped | Speed up delivery |
| deal | dealt | dealt | Deal with issues |
| handle | handled | handled | Handle logistics (biasa) |
| ship | shipped | shipped | Ship orders (biasa) |
| send | sent | sent | Send shipments |
| bring | brought | brought | Bring supplies |
| take | took | taken | Take inventory |
| keep | kept | kept | Keep stock levels |
| hold | held | held | Hold materials |
| put | put | put | Put in storage |
| lay | laid | laid | Lay foundations |
| wear | wore | worn | Wear safety gear |
| break | broke | broken | Break down (machinery) |
| fix | fixed | fixed | Fix equipment (biasa) |
| repair | repaired | repaired | Repair tools (biasa) |
Kata Kerja untuk Keputusan dan Perancangan
Penting untuk Bahagian 5-6 (konteks strategik) dan Bahagian 7 (memo mengenai strategi).
| Asas | Masa Lampau | Kata Kerja Lepas Sempurna | Konteks TOEIC® Tipikal |
|---|---|---|---|
| choose | chose | chosen | Choose a strategy |
| decide | decided | decided | Decide on actions (biasa) |
| make | made | made | Make decisions |
| take | took | taken | Take measures |
| set | set | set | Set objectives |
| plan | planned | planned | Plan initiatives (biasa) |
| think | thought | thought | Think about options |
| consider | considered | considered | Consider proposals (biasa) |
| agree | agreed | agreed | Agree on terms (biasa) |
| approve | approved | approved | Approve budgets (biasa) |
| recommend | recommended | recommended | Recommend changes (biasa) |
| propose | proposed | proposed | Propose solutions (biasa) |
| suggest | suggested | suggested | Suggest improvements (biasa) |
| discuss | discussed | discussed | Discuss plans (biasa) |
| review | reviewed | reviewed | Review options (biasa) |
| evaluate | evaluated | evaluated | Evaluate results (biasa) |
| determine | determined | determined | Determine priorities (biasa) |
| establish | established | established | Establish guidelines (biasa) |
| know | knew | known | Know the risks |
| understand | understood | understood | Understand implications |
| mean | meant | meant | Mean to implement |
| seek | sought | sought | Seek approval |
| bring | brought | brought | Bring ideas |
| put | put | put | Put forward proposals |
| come | came | come | Come up with solutions |
| feel | felt | felt | Feel confident about |
Kata Kerja untuk Pembelian dan Kontrak
Kekerapan dalam pesanan belian, invois dan rundingan (Bahagian 7).
| Asas | Masa Lampau | Kata Kerja Lepas Sempurna | Konteks TOEIC® Tipikal |
|---|---|---|---|
| buy | bought | bought | Buy supplies |
| sell | sold | sold | Sell products |
| pay | paid | paid | Pay invoices |
| cost | cost | cost | Cost $5000 |
| spend | spent | spent | Spend budget |
| charge | charged | charged | Charge fees (biasa) |
| bid | bid | bid | Bid on contracts |
| win | won | won | Win the tender |
| lose | lost | lost | Lose the deal |
| get | got | got/gotten | Get a discount |
| give | gave | given | Give a quote |
| offer | offered | offered | Offer terms (biasa) |
| negotiate | negotiated | negotiated | Negotiate prices (biasa) |
| sign | signed | signed | Sign contracts (biasa) |
| make | made | made | Make an offer |
| order | ordered | ordered | Order materials (biasa) |
| deliver | delivered | delivered | Deliver goods (biasa) |
| send | sent | sent | Send payment |
| receive | received | received | Receive shipment (biasa) |
| owe | owed | owed | Owe money (biasa) |
| lend | lent | lent | Lend resources |
| borrow | borrowed | borrowed | Borrow equipment (biasa) |
3 Kesilapan Bencana (dan cara mengelakkannya)
Dalam kalangan calon yang kami ikuti, tiga kesilapan sentiasa berulang dan menyebabkan kehilangan antara 20 hingga 50 mata kesemuanya.
Kesilapan 1: Keliru antara bentuk A-B-C
Kata kerja seperti write/wrote/written atau choose/chose/chosen adalah yang paling mengelirukan.
- The contract was wrote last month. ✗
- The contract was written last month. ✓
Kontrak itu telah ditulis bulan lepas.
Selepas "was/were", anda SENTIASA menggunakan kata kerja lepas sempurna (kolum ke-3), jangan sesekali menggunakan masa lampau mudah (kolum ke-2)!
Kesilapan 2: Lupa "have/has" dalam present perfect
- The supplier sent the invoice three times this week. (masa lampau mudah)
- The supplier has sent the invoice three times this week. (present perfect) ✓
Pembekal telah menghantar invois itu tiga kali minggu ini.
Apabila terdapat "this week/month/year" (tempoh yang belum selesai), anda mesti menggunakan "has/have + kata kerja lepas sempurna".
Kesilapan 3: Guna akhiran "-ed" secara automatik
Selepas bertahun-tahun belajar bahasa Inggeris, otak anda mengautomasikan penggunaan "-ed". Hasilnya: "choosed", "sended", "builded".
Refleks: Apabila anda ragu-ragu tentang kata kerja biasa (go, make, take, send, write, know), ia berkemungkinan besar tidak biasa.
Di Flow Exam, anda boleh berlatih terus pada topik Kata Kerja Tak Biasa dalam format yang sama seperti dalam TOEIC®. Jadi jika anda menghadapi kesukaran dengan topik ini, anda tidak akan mengulangi kesilapan yang sama lagi.
Kaedah Pembelajaran mengikut Konteks (sangat berkesan)
Walaupun calon yang sudah mempunyai akses kepada platform persediaan melalui sekolah mereka, hafalan menggunakan senarai abjad masih gagal.
Sebabnya mudah: alatan ini menekankan peraturan, tetapi jarang menekankan refleks yang perlu diaplikasikan di bawah tekanan.
- Langkah 1: pilih SATU konteks (contoh: "e-mel"). Fokus pada 15-20 kata kerja dalam kategori ini selama 3 hari.
- Langkah 2: cipta 5 ayat TOEIC® yang realistik setiap hari menggunakan kata kerja ini. Contoh: "I have sent the report and attached the financial data."
- Langkah 3: berlatih dengan soalan Bahagian 5 yang disasarkan (4 pilihan, 10 saat setiap soalan). Pengenalan pasif tidak mencukupi.
- Langkah 4: Dalam 6 minggu, anda boleh merangkumi semua konteks profesional dengan ingatan yang kekal.
Calon yang paling cepat membuat kemajuan berkongsi satu perkara: mereka mengkategorikan kesilapan mereka (konteks + jenis kekeliruan) berbanding hanya mengulangi latihan secara rawak.
Senarai Semak Pantas mengikut Konteks Ayat
| Jenis Teks TOEIC® | Kata Kerja Tak Biasa yang Kerap | Jerat Utama |
|---|---|---|
| E-mel/Memo | send, write, receive, find, get, let, know | Keliru antara "sent" dan "send" selepas "was" |
| Laporan Kewangan | show, grow, rise, fall, sell, cost, meet, set | Lupa "have" sebelum "risen/grown" |
| Iklan Pekerjaan | choose, become, take, lead, give, make | Mencampuradukkan "chose" dan "chosen" |
| Perjalanan Perniagaan | go, fly, leave, take, bring, meet | "Gone" vs "went" mengikut konteks |
| Mesyuarat | hold, give, speak, begin, bring, meet | Lupa "held" selepas "was" |
| Pengeluaran | make, build, run, set, shut, break | Kata kerja lepas sempurna selepas "been" |
| Kontrak | buy, sell, pay, win, sign, send | "Bought" vs "brought" (kekeliruan biasa) |
Bersedia untuk berlatih?
Kata kerja tak biasa mengikut konteks profesional mewakili strategi 3 kali lebih berkesan daripada pembelajaran mengikut abjad.
Kesilapan klasik: menghafal senarai tanpa kaitan dengan situasi TOEIC® dan panik di bawah tekanan pada hari peperiksaan.
Di Flow Exam, anda boleh berlatih terus pada topik Kata Kerja Tak Biasa dalam Bahagian 5, dengan beribu-ribu soalan dalam format yang sama seperti TOEIC® rasmi.
Jadi jika anda menghadapi kesukaran dengan topik ini, anda tidak akan mengulangi kesilapan yang sama lagi.
Beberapa kuasa super platform Flow Exam:
- 150 tips yang benar-benar eksklusif hasil daripada pengalaman lebih 500 calon yang mendapat +950 dalam TOEIC®: jelas, konkrit, diuji dan disahkan di lapangan.
- Sistem latihan pintar, yang menyesuaikan latihan mengikut profil anda dan melatih anda terus pada topik di mana anda membuat paling banyak kesilapan. Hasilnya → kemajuan 3.46x lebih pantas berbanding platform tradisional.
- Laluan pembelajaran yang sangat diperibadikan: latihan tertumpu hanya pada soalan dan tema yang menyebabkan anda kehilangan mata → disesuaikan secara berterusan untuk menyesuaikan diri dengan perkembangan tahap anda.
- Statistik diperibadikan untuk lebih daripada 200 tema spesifik (kata keterangan, kata ganti nama, kata penghubung,…)
- Mod Keadaan Sebenar sama seperti Hari Peperiksaan (membaca arahan dalam Listening, pemasa, dll.) → Anda boleh mengaktifkannya pada bila-bila masa.
- Kad imbas yang dijana secara automatik daripada kesilapan anda sendiri, dan dioptimumkan oleh kaedah J (ulang sebutan berjarak) untuk ingatan jangka panjang dan tiada sebarang terlupa.
- +300 mata TOEIC® dijamin. Jika tidak, kami akan mengembalikan wang anda sepenuhnya.