अंग्रेजी में पूर्वसर्ग (Prepositions) पर गाइड – TOEIC® की तैयारी
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अंग्रेजी में, एक préposition (पूर्वसर्ग) उस शब्द (या शब्दों के समूह) को संदर्भित करता है जो संज्ञा (या सर्वनाम) और वाक्य के अन्य तत्वों के बीच संबंध स्थापित करता है। यह स्थान, समय, दिशा, कारण, अधिकार, कर्ता, और कई अन्य संबंधों को व्यक्त करने की अनुमति देता है।
- The book is on the table. (पूर्वसर्ग on book और table के बीच स्थिति बताने के लिए एक संबंध स्थापित करता है।)
आमतौर पर, पूर्वसर्ग सीधे संज्ञा या सर्वनाम से पहले आता है। हालाँकि, समकालीन अंग्रेजी कभी-कभी वाक्य को एक préposition (पूर्वसर्ग) के साथ समाप्त करने की अनुमति देती है, खासकर अनौपचारिक शैली और कुछ मुहावरेदार अभिव्यक्तियों में।
- What are you looking for? (सामान्य वाक्यांश, अंत में पूर्वसर्ग स्वीकार्य है)
- This is the house in which I grew up. (वाक्य के अंत में पूर्वसर्ग से बचने के लिए अधिक औपचारिक निर्माण)
1. स्थानिक पूर्वसर्ग (Les prépositions spatiales)
स्थानिक पूर्वसर्ग बताते हैं कि कोई व्यक्ति या वस्तु स्थान में कहाँ स्थित है।
| Preposition | अर्थ | उदाहरण |
|---|---|---|
| in | एक बंद स्थान के अंदर | She is in the room. |
| on | एक सपाट सतह पर | The book is on the table. |
| at | एक विशिष्ट स्थान पर | We met at the bus stop. |
| above | के ऊपर (बिना संपर्क के) | The painting is above the fireplace. |
| over | के ऊपर (ढकने के साथ) | She put a blanket over the baby. |
| below | के नीचे (बिना संपर्क के) | The temperature is below zero. |
| under | के नीचे (संपर्क संभव) | The shoes are under the bed. |
| beneath | के नीचे (साहित्यिक शैली) | He hid the letter beneath his pillow. |
| between | दो संस्थाओं के बीच | She sat between her two friends. |
| among | कई लोगों के बीच में | He was among the crowd. |
| amid | के बीच में (औपचारिक शैली) | They remained calm amid the chaos. |
| inside | के अंदर | She is inside the house. |
| outside | के बाहर | He waited outside the building. |
| near | के पास | The school is near the park. |
| next to | के बगल में | She sat next to me. |
| beside | के बगल में (समानार्थी) | He placed his bag beside the chair. |
| by | के पास | The house is by the river. |
| adjacent to | से सटा हुआ | The café is adjacent to the bookstore. |
| behind | के पीछे | The car is behind the truck. |
| in front of | के सामने | He stood in front of the mirror. |
| before | के सामने (क्रम या समय) | She arrived before noon. |
| underneath | के नीचे (अधिक छिपा हुआ) | The keys were underneath the papers. |
| opposite | के सामने | The restaurant is opposite the cinema. |
| within | की सीमाओं के भीतर | The package will arrive within two days. |
| without | के बिना | He left without his keys. |
| against | एक सतह के सहारे | She leaned against the wall. |
| alongside | के साथ-साथ, समानांतर | The ship sailed alongside the coast. |
| पूर्वसर्ग (Preposition) | अर्थ (Meaning) | उदाहरण (Illustration) |
|---|---|---|
| in | महीनों, वर्षों, सदियों, दिन के समय के लिए | We met in July. |
| on | दिनों, सटीक तारीखों और आयोजनों के लिए | The meeting is on Monday. |
| at | सटीक घंटों और क्षणों के लिए | I will see you at 5 PM. |
| by | एक समय सीमा (समय सीमा) से पहले | Finish the report by Friday. |
| before | किसी दिए गए क्षण से पहले | I arrived before noon. |
| after | किसी दिए गए क्षण के बाद | Let's meet after lunch. |
| until | एक सटीक क्षण तक | She stayed until midnight. |
| till | एक क्षण तक (अधिक अनौपचारिक) | I'll wait till you arrive. |
| since | समय में एक बिंदु से | I have lived here since 2010. |
| for | एक अवधि के लिए | They traveled for two months. |
| during | एक अवधि के दौरान | It rained during the night. |
| within | एक समय सीमा के भीतर | The package will arrive within 24 hours. |
| from | एक अवधि की शुरुआत | We worked from 9 AM to 5 PM. |
| to | एक अवधि का अंत | The shop is open from Monday to Friday. |
| between | दो क्षणों के बीच का अंतराल | The event takes place between 3 PM and 5 PM. |
| around | लगभग | He arrived around noon. |
| about | लगभग | The class starts about 10 AM. |
| past | एक घंटे के बाद | It's past midnight. |
| up to | एक क्षण तक | The offer is valid up to the end of the month. |
| as of | से प्रभावी | The policy applies as of next year. |
| throughout | पूरी अवधि के दौरान | The song played throughout the concert. |
| over | एक अवधि के दौरान | He stayed over the weekend. |
| ahead of | पहले (अधिक औपचारिक) | We must plan ahead of the deadline. |
| Preposition | अर्थ | Illustration |
|---|---|---|
| across | एक तरफ से दूसरी तरफ | He walked across the street. |
| through | एक बंद जगह के माध्यम से | The train passed through the tunnel. |
| along | के साथ-साथ | We walked along the beach. |
| onto | एक सतह की ओर | He jumped onto the table. |
| into | एक आंतरिक स्थान की ओर | She went into the room. |
| out of | से बाहर निकलना | He got out of the car. |
| from | गति का मूल | He came from London. |
| towards | की दिशा में | She ran towards the exit. |
| to | एक गंतव्य की ओर | We are going to Paris. |
| off | एक सतह से अलग होना | She fell off the chair. |
| up | ऊपर जाना | He climbed up the ladder. |
| down | नीचे जाना | She walked down the stairs. |
| beyond | के परे | The town is beyond the hills. |
| past | के सामने से गुज़रना | She walked past the bank. |
| around | के चारों ओर | They traveled around the world. |
| पूर्वसर्ग (Preposition) | अर्थ (Meaning) | उदाहरण (Illustration) |
|---|---|---|
| with | साथ, किसी उपकरण का उपयोग, तरीका | She wrote with a pen. / I went to the party with my friends. |
| without | किसी चीज़ की अनुपस्थिति | He left without his phone. |
| by | क्रिया का कर्ता (कर्मवाच्य में), परिवहन का साधन, निकटता | The book was written by Shakespeare. / We traveled by car. |
| about | चर्चा का विषय या अनुमान | We talked about the new project. / There were about 50 people in the room. |
| like | तुलना | She runs like a cheetah. |
| as | कार्य, भूमिका, तुलना | He works as a teacher. / Do it as I showed you. |
| except | किसी तत्व का अपवाद | Everyone came except John. |
| apart from | संदर्भ के अनुसार "के अलावा" या "के अतिरिक्त" | Apart from English, he speaks Spanish. |
| instead of | विकल्प | Take tea instead of coffee. |
| according to | जानकारी का स्रोत | According to the news, it's going to rain. |
| because of | किसी घटना का कारण | The flight was delayed because of the storm. |
| due to | « because of » का अधिक औपचारिक रूप | The delay was due to technical issues. |
| owing to | कारण (औपचारिक शैली) | The match was canceled owing to heavy rain. |
| thanks to | सकारात्मक कारण | We succeeded thanks to your help. |
| in spite of | विरोध | He finished the race in spite of his injury. |
| despite | "in spite of" का पर्यायवाची | She won despite the difficulties. |
| instead | प्रतिस्थापन (बिना "of" के) | I didn't take the bus. I walked instead. |
| unlike | अंतर | Unlike his brother, he loves sports. |
| contrary to | किसी धारणा के विपरीत विरोध | Contrary to popular belief, bats are not blind. |
| regarding | किसी दस्तावेज़ या चर्चा का विषय | I have a question regarding your proposal. |
| concerning | "regarding" का पर्यायवाची | He called me concerning the contract. |
| apart | अलगाव | They live far apart from each other. |
| toward(s) | अमूर्त इरादा या दिशा | His attitude towards work has changed. |
| beyond | सीमा पार (लाक्षणिक या स्थानिक) | This problem is beyond my understanding. |
| against | विरोध या शारीरिक संपर्क | They are against the new policy. / She leaned against the wall. |
| per | आवृत्ति या अनुपात | He earns $20 per hour. |
| via | मध्यस्थ या किसी बिंदु से होकर गुजरना | We traveled to Italy via Paris. |
| as for | एक अलग विषय शुरू करना | As for the budget, we need to cut costs. |
| as well as | जोड़ | She speaks French as well as Spanish. |
| rather than | वरीयता | I would stay home rather than go out. |
| except for | अपवाद | The report is complete except for a few details. |